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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Bulletin 71
A MONOGRAPH OF THE FORAMINIFERA OF THE NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN
Part I. ASTRORHIZIDA AND LITUOLIDZE
BY
JOSEPH AUGUSTINE CUSHMAN Of the Boston Society of Natural History
WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1910
od oT S }
tee
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Bulletin 71
_A MONOGRAPH OF THE FORAMINIFERA OF THE NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN
Part I. ASTRORHIZIDZ AND LITUOLIDZE
BY
JOSEPH AUGUSTINE CUSHMAN Of the Boston Society of Natural History
W ASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1910
BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
: IssuepD June 30, 1910. Rar OTK
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ADVERTISEMENT.
The scientific publications of the United States National Museum consist of two series—the Proceedings and the Bulletins.
The Proceedings, the first volume of which was issued in 1878, are intended primarily as a medium for the publication of original, and usually brief, papers based on the collections of the National Museum, presenting newly acquired facts in zoology, geology, and anthropol- ogy, including descriptions of new forms of animals, and revisions of limited groups. One or two volumes are issued annually and dis- tributed to libraries and scientific organizations. A limited number of copies of each paper, in pamphlet form, is distributed to specialists and others interested in the different subjects, as soon as printed. The date of publication is printed on each paper, and these dates are also recorded in the tables of contents of the volumes.
The Bulletins, the first of which was issued in 1875, consist of a series of separate publications comprising chiefly monographs of large zoological groups and other general systematic treatises (occa- sionally in several volumes), faunal works, reports of expeditions, and catalogues of type-specimens, special collections, ete. The ma- jority of the volumes are octavos, but a quarto size has been adopted in a few instances in which large plates were regarded as indispensable.
Since 1902 a series of octavo volumes containing papers relating to the botanical collections of the Museum, and known as the Con- tributions from the National Herbarium, has been published as _ bul- letins.
The present work forms No. 71 of the Bulletin series.
RicHarD RATHBUN, Assistant Secretary, Smithsonian Institution, In charge of the United States National Museum.
Wasuineton, D. C., June 18, 1910.
iit
INTRODUCTION,
This paper is the first part of a work the intent of which is to describe and illustrate the Foraminifera of the North Pacific Ocean. This part includes the families Astrorhizide and Lituolidx, together often known as the Arenaceous Foraminifera. These are usually considered the more primitive group and are therefore treated first.
The collection of recent Foraminifera in the United States National Museum has been carefully studied in so far as it represents the area in question. From the work of the various vessels of the Navy Department, the Coast and Geodetic Survey, and the Bureau of Fish- eries a mass of material has accumulated which has been of great value in this work. A more detailed account of these collections will be given later.
There have been few works dealing with the Foraminifera of this area, and such records as exist have been included here. Except where acknowledgment is given, the figures have been drawn by the writer from material in the collection of the U.S. National Museum or have been reproduced from photographs taken at the National Mu- seum of specimens in the same collection. Where recorded species are not well represented in the collection, figures from other works have been used and due acknowledgment given.
A considerable number of changes in the nomenclature and syste- matic arrangement have been made in an attempt to separate more clearly species and groups which, after a study of this material, seem to be distinctive.
I wish to express my great appreciation of the kindness with which the U.S. National Museum and its staff have so freely met my various needs in the preparation of this work.
JOSEPH AUGUSTINE CUSHMAN. v
; L : } .
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
: Page.
PPI seOEIUIS ROU 2 at ee ese sae teh So Oe ee ian Soeieann edie s ae terse fa aielale XI Bere eL Pred che 0) UML reer atm etre eee rs ee ph So Soe et es Sa Se avert 1 SVT UIT Ses ee ee I CRS I a et gn ei eat ea ot pe IE 4 RARER BAe ee ee roe en Tee Si Se Lo hata a i yd Wate athe AROS tee 4 Apertures........-. Ree eT WR Ae tle ts ots cies es ote Sn cs ca SS a coe 5
OO ETT ETEE Ye GLO De en score see ea eet Atay rec. ge ere ee nS ge, I a 6 Pea are ruses SURLOIIN 2 2 one 8521 tela Bs 5 dass ae ek ee = ala Sian B= Pale de 6
HG Oe es es 2 haat eet ay INS AN id Sniaraphs ec aeiaieraie aya eee ta ise 6 EMER nC ree Teer eee ee RNS te sk cl teh Boies toa ace wataaete 7 2 RMGC TINE ATCT AITS «oe ORI fg Ra a ECan eS Sa 8 Sica] eR Sen Bees Saye. 9 5 a yD at) Say ek te Se oe erate 9 BI Meath SiC TRERPEV AOU (02 25 2S at en slot ovis <meta eon ese eases dee ees 9 SPARES eR ces ee ee ee eae ne art wh ce Seen ET elo SP cary a ee ye ie rate ial BeSULBVECGESCTet) [SnTYT tT P18 lee eng eR eet Ne aclow sds SN oO OS PAE Ae tee 8 tel Sat 14 Grin LLOnesIy MisMac LOMsas == a5 ct ae ke eh An do ee tiers eyserre 15 RRR HI EMERALD See he ee oy eS ae as I SOL ote kaa 3 18 Drie ren OralmMuniferaene tees a an tot. ~ See: eo, ee eee ta eee ais eee sls 18 arte GROMIEE tor, ele ho hee oe len eee wate vse ee 18
essere s enOMie ern aee Met Jos A ee Nd ee. aie ws 18 puppy 00 Asttorhigings 2.5 o. <4. s.654cesiete nines 342 ances 19 GenuseAstroriizace eee tee. ae tees ee oe een ere ares 19
SmienTN eine tects Wengen). a ete e a 2c ec eas sole 20
PUNT Jy a ia RR, NOS Soe Sa 20
POPCORN He A aio MN Res ad 2 Shes aan Na Bree 21
Peer SST) 11 eee LE a Oe Oe URN RPE 22
Pera ie Penk eee ed ie oe al Reese oa 23
Guia: Purse EOE: Soe oe ke es So 23
RVD REMIT See i te tae RL took emotes 24
inpesularissc 2°. 252.5253. arate is a1 )Y ch ea we 26
GIBCRE Lae saree ae es aR te Ce SAE Che oe 27
MIN eATIB Sse tates See PASM yoy 1h Ne, Mes Vetere Ea 28
SciRbne Mtr astaes iso se AhN ao e ee oh ota ako & oe ate 29
Pecbinmpiricce sae rar Nhe ein Wh Os 5 ae aa 30
oun amunion essen see A aoe Sets ta wala oh 30
RUE ete ees ae fc PO et, iy 3s Sa Se ol FAMERS ARR eed 1 le ge are Pe 32
(PETTERS TSN EE UT Ee pe ae MN Gee a el 33
pee Om ote tise oka pecan oth Ah ee oe a Sone 33
MIRC eg er oe AN 8 it og 8 OE aoe care 34
Sublamiilys 2. -Gaceamminince = 22.2. -nccnce-on2 c++ ecinsane sce 35
Cranmer) Peaminigapietices oo. ade Suto Aw oe seca sveense4 35
BRL Py oes eh kcds oat oth en ee we 35
AU eed cae seen ne ae eatanod saw aeae 36
VIII TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Systematic part—Continued. Order Foraminifera—Continued. Family 2. Astrorhizidee—Continued.
Subfamily 2. Saccamminze—Continued. Page. Genus Sorosphreras-- 22 s2222 2c. ocelot ee eee 37 CONMUBI Se 2 beh s cele oe ee ee ee ee eae 37
Genus (Saccamminae tesa. Sa a5: 522 tS ee eee oe ae 38 Bpliverica. 26 i c.w: o oe ope toe ee ee 39
SOCTAIIS Aerie te come eek! oo PE 20 Lh eae eon 40
Genus: Proteonimasest2s 2st oe se te eee ae 40 PUBIT OTIS Sees cyte Ae afm ee re 41 ditiimpiformis: 35.24.52 sate a ae eee ee 41
Var dapenartims- ic). 40/54 eee eee 42
OVALS S26 ae ae ecm ob eee ae 43
Genus Ena Ae OS ee ee 43 OW QUA Se eee SS RS co A a ee a ee ea 44
Gens sPelosima ase eee ere NS ee EN 45 roc uM cattbarsd Aue i 20. Nn meee ere 45
Gylimdrrcas 2S i he ee eee eee Ba aT 46
Nig ON8 Nc en Me RE Be TR Ae ah to cl 47
Genus Techmitellass: 7545.04 ee ee ge eee ee A7 leoummem: +28... at Mas Nis Si ee 48
melon Aces. Ree eect Oe, Pe eg ee ee 48
Genus Tholosinag.. 2:22. eae od. Sea oe ee eee ee 49 Pillage se ee Ee OAL ae eee 49
Genus Webbinellai: os25 5.46 tose Se ee eee 50 hemispheerica. 2+. .3eee a ee 51
Genus Ammospheeroides. 0) \..0c5 1st e eee ee ee ee ee eee 51 Gistomagiee: Bees ee Ba eR ies aly ole ee 51
Geniis: VerruGlna. Ho a oe er ee 52 PUCISiE be es Te ae Ree Be ee neue 52
Genus Crithioninass.225.2 650 eee ee ee eee 53 TUPOSA See Se kaneis Rete orca emieaiaeys avers 53
Leng dees eee S Bae, See (2 Bye t yor st re ee 54.
Pisum’. cao. A sss eee Cee neater mee ee 55
Vary ispidansS* sho) eee cet omnia petal 56
HOt Abas ee oat en ele SAE eee ao ee ere eee 56
Gents? Bhuramminatess- 4 seh eee eo ein meet 57 Papuilata eee. be keer ees. ete 8 tea a 58
UL TATU os Lea ae oe pen 20 a ead Sra pe 58
CHIMAC ER Soe a ee ee Renee Sate e ere lhe 59 Subfamily:3) diy perammininees 25-2 oe weer ke ne cece cee 59 Geniis Hy perammitia 62) jo oe ee eee ee ees tee oe 60 elongatae- eee eaeaeee MNES EMRE Oar ne enya Serer 60
Var: (eevigatiant (eee pectete Want ke ie orse 61
Sia Dilisi es eee ee ee ean es ee 62
TULA RAN ee ee ree rene eee pentose 63
SUDMOG OS soe eee an oe serene tele een 63 Gentis'Saccorhizal 22 ee ae aie Bet eae orev 64 TAIN OBB) ais See ae ae ele, AUER na men erat 65
ealcilega. <2: 62. Meee ee es Perea 66
Genus Lolypammina 20>) peepee eas eee eee eee ere 66
Wapamecd {L062 2 soe ee ae eee oe etal 67
=
a —
a
a
TABLE OF CONTENTS. Ix
Systematic part—Continued. Order Foraminifera—Continued. Family 2. Astrorhizide—Continued.
Subfamily 3. Hyperammininze—Continued. Page. Genus Ammolapenn. - 2. .'s.ek eee ls UI pe SSeS cece =. 67
Ge ea ct Cleator tte ete oe SI he ee ee eee 68 Creniishiaculelllames see se sae apse SEP ee Soe Se eee 70 DCG ee Se eth netroots re were eee ae 70
Oy PU eee ees ties. tr b= Sere Een rs See al
Genus: Sacemiaa ae tenn ate Bla SAGs Agee a 2 2 si 71 EON @ ESC GDIAE ae Nesey toe etree tas Bef Dre reas Sree 71
TELITULOS aes Rey Neo este ees SMe Eo BES Se ye he 72
Babiarmils, 4. Ammmodincimee =: ae.4 02 Soi. s oe 3 cans e = 52a eee 73 (ETIUIS CATO INO CIRCUS] States trae Ata ete oe eee ee ee ye Se 73 TRAVEL ANU st Rat ee oS ee ERE. Ole a heer Re 73
PXHCE USS eee eke eae e ar Sete nk os eto B Ess Grate ies 75
Cr onAUG OTC LMT eee os es ae ERE eGo Ears ere 76 SOLGANINS 228 2252S aoe aati Roe oN 5 eectoer 76
Gharcidesehs se sms ia ty tees SAE i eee 77 RGrOMMuSMINETALe Ll elses See ee aes eg Re ens Sec ee rec 78 shoneana..---.---- EIS PS IT SA TAS OR hee ea ek ae 79
erent lay hae PAG MOUO Re 2 a ttn cerns ae pm eS sess as = aa == ee 79 Subrnnlyit. Asecnemonel IN. (<<... 22/2 Se Gas Sipser as = = 2 = a 80 GonmuceNechemonel las 26sec aero ae a arae ee Seine cisicie 80 PAUL EORTIS egy ery yy Rete eet ek gat coe ae 81
GSTS Lane eee ss ped Re PR es ES ee te area 81
Seti 2 cpephacing: .< 25S OU aS atitcecs seo. 8.5 Saas 81 GemislveGpuaecno- 2245 .5.50 Aiea Ieee woe UM SSS i oso 5 82 BEGEDMIEUS fone saya = Ses gg tae See ee 83
pill Che Re eco ona Benes So = or's= 85
CLLR Gen se ere ayaa hy 5 2 Mean eer re ne ero 85
satel sins eet gas aoa es SS eRe Re ec ont aerets 86 Gentaunmormiswe ase ssssee ese = oe ese eeets 87
TTOGMLI GSR ee oe re ee ear. os corer chee ele 87
PU LbeD 2 eee cel ee eel 2 3's is 5, ie we x 88
TSE CLUS eee es arts rapes Notre oe rset eee 89
EOLA US oe es yah a cpa ee ei a ie Soe erence 89 MEMDLADACCUSSeseae ntsc eaten se See ae caiman 90
palGe ants eee ee oe ein oie ce atelctastoriate Sata 90
UPA DUS ee es ee ae ie ie oe © Scie ciate sic ereiete S/o 91
Sylmar eta Wate NS oe alae = ene ners 91
SpCMUGE So Aa Se! SoBe jake Seee nan oo tes eee <= 92
SXCOUU GUS Se eee eee ee eis cielaiae 92
; Gar RETUUN Lent 11S tes een ee ene es eee fer aie fare Nalaler simi oe 93 Geman Hormoritig 20 25. pies res ede 2 Aire nia aieteln'a ae _ 93
ele buenas sae oe octets Spina po eines <i 93
Cit CU ee ee a ate Ne aS toners <iava cisiara 95
TMNAMATUNL A Ih oka Hock oem oboe ORB ere DOnonnoe 95
Genus Haplostiche:--..-:----..------s2--- 45-2 40\:02svess-ses 96 GUL yd te ee Salles aN Sith eran sid ayatatialeiein 96
Subfamily 3. Trochamminine -.......---------------+-+++++++--- 97 Genuselirochsimiminold@sis: 1.2 see nen sales ce aisiai als) istaie)sialaie n= a= 97 PEGCUS ose ssa n vada celsseeiye das aca-<neeesssn <2 98
xe TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Systematic part—Continued. Order Foraminifera—Continued. Family 3. Lituolidee—Continued.
Subfamily 3. Trochammininee—Continued. Page. Genus Haplophragmoides 22: 2 Pe ee ee he 99 COTOMa Tae 2S saci nto heel sse ere ea eee eee eee 99
brullnssatas © 2 22s ks A eee pen oes See 100 COMATICNSIS: 2 teh NPR aT mea i Let 101 CMACIAITN SS SU. <A UCRn a ae te ae Ee 102
peru < 20. ee: 5 2 ees 2 ep oO oe 103
TO PULAU HS eye Se RR Pe ee eg eee 104
SOT eras iTLTI: 92k 2 Oe ee ee NEE 104 subslobosum.0 HOES bee ee ire a ee 105 spheriloculim, 2. 523) 2s mere nee 2 107
MINGONS 5 22 joa)! Oe Re Pe epi Ee Ea 107
Gents Cribrostomoides ..2L/222420 fie ee eee eee ee oe 108 bradyi. lcci 2 2 2s Se eee ete ic oie 108 Genus: Cy clammima,. 2.2. )2 eee ore te es 109 cancel laitiar 02 42 tis 2 es Re arene ae errr ee 110
punet la Soe eG es AR AGEe 11c ee eee mr UIA ON pe era oh bbl
Or bic tlamie ss 5.62 oO oe a ett ae 1S
Dradiy aio Se hd Ee ee Oe ee EE Se ee INT an 113
Genus Lituotubatsc. 22302) Seen ot ee 113 Pit att O VI Ss! see se Leagan 2 et RMA a heehee Day Pps ecg be Cee 114
Genus: Ammobaculites. 252 ee ee eee t De 114 agehutinens §.02 oss g eet ee Ce oer eee ee 115
TOMA GEES cai ee NS ae eer Lg ee 116 PenUimargose. 22h. eek eee ene weteeee Oe tapas 117
AMET Camus sh aN Sete ewes fre ty ape ne pete DEAN 117
Genus Placopstlingas > 2525 3282p nae oe oe aan ales CENOM AM i eee eer eters i ocho es cen en Nag)
Genus Trochammiéina 324502 Sea, Sek ee eee ee 120 RQUamM atest. See eee ae eee eh NER Bee oe 120
Tif aitieaes apne sree EM oh = Re yeraal Dae i Staonal aan ee ae ie 121
Gunn umber Se ae ie OE Ae Slee stare creme cr el arate 122
MAM AA See ee Renee eee eet eee eee, eee 123 elobigerimiiormip. S22 eet hans 2a ok is See - 124 Genus'Globotextulantaee-ses es eee Cee eee ee eae =a ee 125 anceps-e=-e ee ee Cae Me ae Hea Hama Aetna 125
Genus Ammochilostoma. ..--- eal Wicgtbad baa hie eR IS aE eh bel easels see 126 pauctloculata es sese see ween cee ewes nee 126
wal ea teed eel eS Ns Mid WS eA Eerie apes clos (say oheaea pe ain ee 127
Genus Ammospheroidinas:s.22. -< eeesese: ese eecee ees 128 spheerordimiformisd2 oe ssee! tees aa eee cee 128 Subfamily,4.. Neusimince Serer tee sae tee ee eae rae ee oe 129 Genus Neusitias Si see ee ae ee ie a eee 129 APART ZU e eae ee ee eee eee ie res taro 129
; )
Fia. AG
8-10.
11-12. 13. 14.
15-16.
17-21.
22. 293. 24. 25-28.
29-30.
31-32. 33-36,
37-38. 39. 40-41.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Thick slide. a, surface view; b, side view, showing grooved end Isr enn INO Sige DORMe Aon ecm ees LLL es
inin-side “a, suriace view; 0, sidé view. .2-0.. 2.22.02. 025-2 Pe TethOrulza Gn eulOea nt Mone semen qe notes oe ANS coe ee koe eee . Astrorhiza furcata. 2, 3, 4a, face view of three specimens selected
by Goés from the type station; 4b, side view. x 10
VAN SInIOR Lag? eg? a Ul Kot RM ao UL ee apie 2a 9 ay beg RST Bea nurunieacharcdaumas UO! Sy eee thet eee Ue es . Astrorhiza tenuis. a, longitudinal section; 6, transverse section; ¢,
side view of exterior. (After Goés). X 6...........----2.-4.- Rhabdammina abyssorum. 8a, front view; b, end view of one arm of the smoother form from deep water, x 10; 9, front view of a shallow water specimen from the coast of Japan, X 25; 10, central portion of a specimen with four arms, X 15........---- Two specimens of Rhabdammina irregularis. x 6...........---- iad anemia caserete. 0S 2p Sa Cee a ee en he Rhabdammina linearis. a-e, X 10; e, showing interior, /, surface. POU CRELCTOISEACL Yi eae U itaho yu Sicre Meteo ra ee came seen ele Marsipella cylindrica. 30. 15, straight test composed largely of long unbroken spicules. 16, rougher, doubly curved test largely made up of fragmentary portions of spicules.......-........-.- Bathysiphon filiformis. 17a, side view, X 4; b, end view, x 5. 18, longitudinal section, X 60. 19, transverse section, viewed by transmitted light, X 60. 20, longitudinal section of wall with exterior coat, X 60. 21, longitudinal section of inner portion of Wale < 200) (mies Teal. After Brady). 2222002 soo Bathysiphon rufus. X20. a, side view; b, end view....-...---- Rhizammina algeformis. X 10......-..-- PO Se ae ERO NS eect? Prin ET MOVs Me Ao oo nice s ie See ow ei ow ho coe eee Psammosphiera fusca. 25, specimen composed of black volcanic sand, X 25. 26, free specimen, X 20. 27, attached specimen, xX 40. 28, section of test, X 40. (Figs. 26-28. After Brady)--- Psammospheera parva. 29, specimen attached to large sponge spi- cule, X 50. 30, smaller specimen (after Brady), X 40.-.--..-..-. porosphzera contusa. 15 (ater Brady)... 252.2002. 322... 2-.. Saccammina spherica. X 15 (after Brady). 33, freespecimen. 34, attached specimen. 35, apertural view. 36, section......--..-- Daccammina Socialis, <°20'(after Brady)--2.--.....---.--..:-.- PRO COCumms MREILGYITIG! OM TO. te a8 vo eee ae ae 52 on = Proteonina difflugiformis. 40, a typical elongate specimen of fine sand grains. X 80. 41, an irregular specimen with larger sand grains, the large fragments at the left causing a distortion of the OPER EYE C7 SLC CHEST aD No lam AN
Page.
11 11 20
21 22
99
a
23
30
32
XII
Fie. 42. 43. 44-46,
47-49. 50-51. 52. 53. 54.
50. 56.
57. 58. 59. 60-62. 63. 64-65.
66. 67-72.
73-74,
75. 76.
77-79. 80.
81. 82-83. 84.
. Tolypammina vagans. > 15 (after Brady). Proloculum of speci-
86-87.
88.
89.
90-91.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Proteonina difflugiformis, var.lagenarium. XX 75 .........-.---- Proteonina ovata. X 50. a, front view; b, apertural view... -..- Pilulina ovata. 44, a, side view of one of the small specimens, 20; 6, same from the apertural end. 45, a large specimen from the side. X12. 46, aportion of the wall by transmitted light. x 100.
.Pelosina rotundata. X 20(after Brady). 48, transverse section...
Pelosinacydindmien [XG t oes case. Saas eee pose tee Pelosina vaniabilis:/)°)¢20 (after lint). <=) 2388 eee ose os cee Technitella legumen:¢ (XX D0. 2.20 eee ee ee ee ew oes Technitella melo. X 50 (after Brady). a, side view; b, apertural
Tholosina bulla. X15. a, from above; 6, from side.....-___--- Webbinella hemispheerica, attached to a fragment of shell, x 50. a, tromystd esos fram aloes <2 eee ee ee ee pa oats ae Ammospheeroides distoma. 50. a, apertural view; b, from side. Verrucinarudis. 10. a, side view; b, viewed from above -..-.-.-.- Crithionina! sugosa: ik 206.2222 Bae Aa A ee a een Crithionina lens. 60, surface view. > 15. 61, vertical section. 5209 N62 en ori zontal sections <2 0pm see een ee eae Crithionina pisum, var. hispida. XX 15 (after Flint). a, 6, sections. Crithionina rotundata. 64, portion of central chamber wall. X 25. 65, view of sectional specimen showing thick wall and radial hubesse LO: kee aceite desea ate oe Oe en Thurammina papillata. X</30 (after Brady).....-::.---..-2..... Thuramminaalbicans. 67-70, side views. > 50. 71, section show- ing thickness of walland character of theinterior. X50. 72, sec- tionoftestshowing minute structure. 100. (Figs. after Brady). Hyperammina elongata. 73, test of comparatively large sand grains, from shallow water. X15. 74, test of fine material from deeper iwalter., (O96 asain Si RS pees a Ce ee Hyperammina elongata, var. levigata. Specimen from Albatross Station A497 OF orlty Neuro styagey <a-t ere eg geeee Hyperammina friabilis. Specimen with the upper portion of the tubecbioken away. O< 00a... te Gee he ate ahs Baise etree SNe cee Hyperammina maxima. X 2. From photograph .....-.....-..- Hyperammina subnodosa, from the Okhotsk Sea. >» 10. a, side view; b, section of a portion of the chamber laid open. ..----...- Saccorhiza ramosas WSCOOR ess seats Se Le ee Saccorhiza calcilega. 82, specimen showing proloculum. » 115. 83, specimen showing apertural portion. 60. (After Rhum- Ra Ter) ine sere ape pes ee eh ee eins) Seatac TR RC eee Tolypammina vagans. X10. From photograph ....--.--.....--
men shown in figure just above the middle.............-------- Ammolagena clayata. 12. 86, twospecimens attached to the sur- face of aspecimen of Rhabdammina. 87, two specimens attached to a coiled arenaceous test. All megalospheric specimens. --.-.-.. Ammolagenaclavata. X50. Specimen attached, portion of prolo- culum broken away. Microspheric specimen with small prolo- culum.and comparatively long tubular portion...........------ Ammolagena clayata. X15. From photograph. Microspheric megalospheric specimen attached side by side .-.........------ Jaculella acuta. >.12.(atter Brady) i222. <-ee ean eee eee ee
44 46 46 47 48
48 49 51 52 53 54 50 56
57 58
59
60
61
62 63
64 65 66
66
67
68
69
69 70
Hig. 92. 93.
94.
95-96.
97. 98-100. 101-106.
107-109.
110. 111-113. 114-116.
117-118.
iE 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127.
128. 129-131.
132-133. 154. 155. 136-137.
138. 139. 149-141.
142-144. 145-147.
148.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
eed eae MeRn eal Aes e 2 22 hse BL IO UL ese ek oe. Sagenina frondescens. > 10 (after Brady)...............----.-- Sagenina ramulosa. X15. From photograph .................- Ammodiscus incertus. 20. 95, large form with microspheric proloculum and many small early coils. 96 a, form with megalo- spheric proloculum, made up of a few large coils, the A. tenuis H. B. Brady, which is the megalospheric form of A. incertus (d’Orbigny); b, apertural view of same specimen showing the megalospheric proloculum of greater diameter than the succeed- eOpApOTLIanE wr Thevipeie web. ass ot eae a ce Ammodiscus exsertus. 100. a, apertural view; b, front view-- Gordiammina gordialis.. >< 70) (after Brady) 2.-:-2.:..2.-.2.2..- Gordiammina charoides. > 70 (after Brady). 104, section through test. 105, apertural view. 106, broken specimen showing coils of RUDE DLE So eee ae ee ete. Sete ee Be es SARs SOUR. es ce Turritellella shoneana. > 100 (after Brady) .................... Aschemonella ramuliformis. X 15 (after Brady) .--.-.-.-.------ Aschemonella catenata. > 15 (after Brady) ......-....--..----- Reophax scorpiurus. 114, specimen from Hawaiian Islands, 114 fathoms. X20. 115, specimen from off Japan, 77 fathoms. x15. 116, specimen of questionable character from Hawaiian islandsy2l/ fathoms ols. 22 ee See es Ree Ds aoe Reophax pilulifer. 117, specimen from series selected by Goés. po205 lls sanoiner Specimen solssasa sacs ance ee oe Reophax Gist@ps:. sot) ess5-— 55-2622 MP 5S SAE ae ee ee eS Hennhas muaettlanign (XLS 2 22 22 Sh5 29 RE Se Slee se Secs let Heouhax dentaliniiormig:”) >< 20 22.208 050 RA oss 2 ne Reophax nodulosus: xX 2oht. sols bees os sates e es Silas cede Reaphaxruttiier:. + < W002 25. ass252 ee MEAG Pe Reophax insectus. X12. a, side view; b, end view-.--..------- rap eriisimnens. | Octet ts ss SRLS Al eae heaphax membranacous.( )</200 eels... bei wee nce Reophax bilocularis. 25. a, front view; b, side view showing fhe pbliquiby atthe chambers... so 0042.8 ee 52k Reophaxarmathe..) </22. (alter Goes) (22. 22022 22.2222... -- Reophax cylindricus. X 20 (after Brady). 129 a, side view; 8, apertural view. 1380, longitudinal section. 131, side view-.----- heaplosxsspieuliter: 750) (after Brady )ius22..2 i052 0e cSccecce. Reophax excentricus. X 80 ....-.-------- ae Lee reais s cee Reaisiix (eapemigaenas | xXeOs soe een Aes eis See ac ct cee ce Hormosina globulifera. 136 a, end view showing aperture; 5, front view, X 35. 137, single chambered form, X 40.-....---------- Hormosina ovicula, X 45. «a, end view showing aperture; }, side ita er tees ee Cay Ny ceva BAR ss ye are | tl Sobran ae Hormnosina norman; > 10 (after Brady): .2:s-s...55.-.- 225 Haplostiche dubia. X 7. From photograph -...--..---.-------- Trochamminoides proteus. X 25 (after Brady)----...---,------ Haplophragmoides coronata. »% 20 (after Brady). 145, large specimen from side. 146, a, from side; 6, apertural view. 147, CHT Gyan eRe eminem Laem rts aphe eee bs PRL Nye Re SAAS a ace Haplophragmoides trullissata. > 75. Specimen from 2,875 fath- oms, Albatross station H2916. a, side view; b, apertural view araH ERE ee Meo as epee te an oe een alee see oes oop
XIII
Page.
“I om
~I =I
78 79 81 82
84
85 86 86 87 88 89 89 90 90
90 91
91 91 92 93
94 95 96
97 98
99
XIV
Fie. 149. 150-152. 153-155. 156-157. 158-161. 162-164. 165. 166. 167. 168-170. izle 2. Wo 174. 175. 176. 177-179. 180-183. 184-185. 186. 187. 188. 189. 190-192. 193-194. 195. 196. 197. 198-201. 202. 203.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Haplophragmoides canariensis:, >< 2032 322 aaa eee ee oe Haplophragmoides emaciatum. 20. From photograph....... Haplophragmoides scitulum. » 40 (after Brady). 153, side view. 154, a, side view; b, apertural view. 155, section .............- Haplophragmoides rotulatum x 50 (after Brady). a, a, front yiews: -);b, aperturaliviews .6hds0. 2c oe ooo Haplophragmoides glomeratum. > 100 (after Brady)......-.--- Haplophragmoides subglobosum. X 16. From photograph. 163, aperturaliviewoses sotto sees Ae ee eee eee Haplophragmoides spheriloculum. > 30. From photograph-.--- Haplophragmoides ringens.. X'405. . ccs) eene eeenee ets ooo Cribrostomoides bradyi. X 20. a, side view; 6, apertural view- -- Cyclammina cancellata. »% 16. Fromphotograph. 169, apertural view. The megalospheric form of the species with fewer cham- bers in each whorl, and attaining, when fully developed, a smaller size than that of the microspheric form.-......----.---- Cyclamminacancellata. <8. Fromphotograph. Themicrospheric form of the species with a larger number of chambers in the adult whorls and attaining a larger size than the megalospheric
Cyclammina pusilla. XX 25. From photograph......-.----.-..- Cyclammina orbicularis. 35. a, side view; }, apertural view- - Cyclammina bradyi. X 30 (after Brady). a, sidé view; 6, apertural
Litnotuba Jituiformis:. 150 2225.2. fotu.G. sae ee eee Ammobaculites agglutinans. > 25. From photograph----.------ Ammobaculites foliaceus. > 40 (after Brady). 177 and 178, side views. 179, specimen mounted in Canada balsam and viewed by transmitted Jighf)2...34. 2) c Seen eee eee ee eee Ammobaculites tenuimargo < 25 (after Brady). 180, 181, from side. 182, apertural view. 183, from edge, showing thickness of test-- Ammobaculites americanus. 184. > 20. 185, a, broader, more flattened! form) b; apertura viewsa<celome == eee eee Placopsilinacenomana. > 10. From photograph. Specimen at- tached ‘to. stome..... 405-2 42 Sie ee eee Trochammina squamata. >50 (after Brady). a, from above; b, from, below 42.122)... te See EEE ee ee re Trochamminainflata. > 50. a,fromabove; b, from below-.----- Trochammina turbinata. 35. From photograph.--.-.--.------ Trochammina nana. XX 35. From photograph -.-..2-2-----.--- Trochammina globigeriniformis. >.20. From photograph. 193, from above; 194 tromybeloweeeneses ees eae ee eer ee ene eee Trochammina globigeriniformis. »% 25 (after Brady). a, from above: 0: from below; cy iromysid@es ses -neseee=- a seee eee Globotextularia anceps. > 20 (after Brady)...-.-.--.----..---. Ammochilostoma pauciloculata. Three views of same specimen.
Ammochilostoma galeata. >< 50 (after Brady). 201, apertural Ammospheeroidina sphzeroidiniformis. 25. From photograph.
Neusina agassizii. a, complete specimen, X 13. 0, early portion of same specimen from opposite side, X 5-....-.-.------=-----
104 105
106 107
107 109
110
alia 111 112 113 114 115 116 17, 118 19 121 122 123 123 124
125 126
A MONOGRAPH OF THE FORAMINIFERA OF THE NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN.
ASTRORHIZIDH AND LITUOLIDA.
By Joseph AUGUSTINE CUSHMAN, Of the Boston Society of Natural Listory.
GENERAL ACCOUNT.
The Foraminifera are for the most part minute animals varying in size from a fraction of a millimeter to several millimeters in length, but may develop a test several inches across; these, however, are rare exceptions. A few species live in fresh or brackish water, but the great majority live in the ocean. They occur at all depths, but are most frequent at moderate depths in the ocean basins, where they form characteristic deposits—the so-called ‘‘globigerina ooze.” In the vicinity of tropical coral islands many species occur in great abundance.
The animal itself is a single-celled form with one or many nuclei, as will be later explained. The test, in many cases at least, is really an internal structure, as the thin film of protoplasm which covers it in the perforate forms, and probably in others, is capable of secreting the material of the test, to repair breaks, etc.
Comparatively little is known concerning the animal of the Foram- inifera except in certain littoral species. The great mass of the work on the group has been confined to a study of the empty tests. In the present work the material has been dried in almost all cases. As a result little has been noted in regard to the animal itself.
As single-celled animals the Foraminifera are especially interesting, and their structures do not need explanation on the basis of organs or tissues. There is much beauty in the curves of the test and in its ornamentation, the patterns of the latter often being very intricate.
For some time after their discovery the Foraminifera were thought to be a group of the cephalopods, and many of the coiled species have the appearance of minute nautiloid cephalopods. Many of the generic names were applied before the true relationships were known.
16777—Bull. 71—10——1
2 BULLETIN 71, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Many of the coiled forms were early described as species of Nautilus, and it was not until 1835 when Dujardin recognized the relationship of the group to the rhizopods that their systematic position was finally settled.
The classification of the group has been very differently treated by later writers. Led by W. B. Carpenter, there grew up what may be termed the English school of workers on this group. Four names stand out prominently, those of W. B. Carpenter, W. K. Parker, T. Rupert Jones, and. H. B. Brady. The first three especially worked on the basis of no sharp lines of demarcation between species or genera or even between larger groups. The group was supposed to be very variable, in fact so much so that genera were recognized as tentative only and not really distinct. Brady, while holding many of the same views, nevertheless described many new genera and species, drew the lines more closely for the genera, and worked outa fairly good classification of the whole group. He was, however, led by the same plea of variation to unite recent forms with often dis- similar fossil species, on the basis of similar characters in one part or another, even while the whole test was often very different. With the large series obtained in the present work it is possible to show, not only that variation is not so great as was thought by the English school, but what was by them called variation is not variation at all but definite stages in the development of the test, which often at different stages has very different characters. In the light of the present knowledge of the life history and the microspheric and megalospheric forms these supposed variations take on a decidedly different aspect and become of use in the separation of genera rather than in uniting them. While these points are not so clearly brought out in the arenaceous forms described in the first part of the present work, they are well seen in certain of the other families.
Schlumberger, in distinction from the English school, had very different ideas as to the variation and the classification of various forms. He argued that with other groups the identity of fossil and living forms becomes small in the Kocene, and in the Cretaceous is hardly known, yet the workers of the English school had no difficul- ties in uniting recent species with even Jurassic or still older forms. Schlumberger argued that when such similarity existed it was simply a lack of characters, and that the two forms were potentially distinct.
Distribution has been thought to be of little account in the group, either by regions or by depth. Certain species, for instance, are recorded by Brady as from 18 to 3,950 fathoms, and with a world- wide distribution. With material from scattered stations and a worker attempting to explain all differences on the basis of varia- tion such views may be held, but with larger series from many sta- tions, such as have been available in the present work, the material has
FORAMINIFERA OF NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN. 3
seemed to prove the contrary in regard to many species. With the lines of demarcation of species more closely drawn, it will be apparent that certain of them have well-defined areas of distribution and are found only between certain bathymetric altitudes. Not only is this true in regard to species, but various species form definite faunas, as will be later discussed. With plenty of specimens for comparison from different areas it is fairly easy to show the specific differences and the actual amount of the variation.
Throughout the group of the Foraminifera there is a nearly com- plete series, from a simple gelatinous covering of the cell in some of the fresh-water forms to the complex calcareous test of the higher groups. The fresh-water forms, while not considered in the systematic part of the present work, are nevertheless of especial interest on account of their primitive characters. In Myzotheca the simplest sort of cover- ing is found, a gelatinous test which is flexible, so that it takes the shape of the changing form of the cell. There is here also no definite aperture, the pseudopodia being pushed through at any point. In others of the fresh-water forms the test may be of flexible chitinous material, but has a definite shape when the animal is at rest and usually one or more definite and permanent orifices.
In the marine species, which form the basis of the present work, there is usually a definite, specific form to the test and the aperture is permanent. The materials used in making the test may be grouped in two classes, (1) those derived from foreign sources, and (2) those secreted by the animal itself. The foreign materials are derived from the bottom on which the animal lives, and therefore even in the same species found under different conditions there is some variation in the character of the materials used. In general, however, there seems to be a certain amount of selective power on the part of certain forms, and such characters have been used as of generic rank in systematic work. The foreign material most frequently used is the mud or sand _of the ocean bottom, but certain forms use sponge spicules, either making them into a soft felted mass (Pilulina) or arranging them in a definite manner and firmly cemented (Technitella). Other foraminif- eral tests may be used, as may various small bodies which come within the range of the animals. The cement in the agglutinated tests may be chitinous, of iron oxide, or calcareous.
Of these calcareous tests two sorts have been recognized, one with a definite aperture or series of apertures and with minute pores (the perforate group), the other witha definite aperture or series of apertures but without minute pores (the porcellanous group). By many writers the latter group, represented by the Miliolide, has been held to be primitive and a group which had not developed perforations. On the other hand, certain evidence, such as the perforate condition of the early chamber of Peneroplis and other genera, would indicate that they
4 BULLETIN 71, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
are derived from the perforate group and that the lack of pores instead of being a primitive condition may in reality be a specialized one. derived from a condition in which pores were developed throughout the life of the individual.
In general the test of the Foraminifera may be single chambered or many chambered. Contrary to the impression given by certain works on the group, the process of adding chambers in the Foram- inifera, while superficially like budding or gemmation, is not neces- sarily or usually accompanied by nuclear divisions. That is, instead of the new chambers being potential individuals they are simply inte- gral parts of one cell, and in the uninucleate form the single nucleus is found in about numerically the middle chamber. In the process of adding a new chamber a portion of the protoplasm is protruded from the aperture and a new chamber wall then formed about it. In some cases a complete wall is formed with each newly added cham- ber, but in others the adjacent parts of previous chambers form the inner walls of the new chamber and new walls are formed only on the free parts of the protoplasmic mass. In the open tubular test, such as Astrorhiza or Hyperammina, increase in the protoplasmic body is. accompanied by addition of material at the open end of the tube and an increase in size results. In single-chambered types, such as Lagena, the manner of increase in size is problematical, if there be any at all. In such forms the entire test may be made in its completed form at once after division, as is the case with certain of the fresh- water Rhizopods.
STRUCTURE.
COMPLEX TESTS.
In the tests having more than a single chamber the apertures of the first-formed chambers become internal, as a rule, and a complexity of relations to the outside medium is thus brought about. One of the simplest arrangements of the chambers is a linear series. Such an arrangement is seen in Reophax and Hormosina. Another very common plan of arrangement is a planospiral, as in Ammodiscus. This may be varied by having the revolving line in a spire and then the whole test becomes trochoid, asin Zrochammina. Anothercommon arrangement is a biserial one, the chambers being on opposite sides of the axis, asin Teatularia. These four plans or some modification of them are the characteristic arrangements for the chambers in most of the secreted tests. Oftentimes more than one plan of arrangement enters into the formation of the test. Dimorphism was used for this, but that term has been used elsewhere with a very different meaning. As here viewed, this life history with several distinct methods of erowth has a deeper significance than has usually been attached to it. It seems to have a definite phylogenetic bearing in each particular
1, a a eee ee
ee ee a
I eee eee)
——— ee ee Pe ae Ee a es ee ee
—a— Fe ©
FORAMINIFERA OF NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN. 5
group, as will be shown in certain of the families to be taken up later, when the details will be discussed at length. The term ‘‘dimorphism”’ would hardly cover the case in some genera, where eight or more dis- tinct stages may be made out, each with its characteristic form of chamber, yet all appearing successively in a single test.
The number of chambers in the complex tests varies from a few to agreatmany. Where the size of the test becomes considerable and the chambers correspondingly large, the chamber is often divided up in various ways into chamberlets, as in Orbitolites. In such cases the adjacent chamberlets are usually in free communication with one another. The walls of the chamberlets give additional strength in many forms in which they are developed. Another characteristic modification in some genera is the development of labyrinthic struc- tures in the interior of the chambers. Such structures are seen in Cyclammina, Haplostiche, Fabularia, etc. In general, it seems to be a mark of the culmination of certain lines in development, and ‘many of the genera which developed such labyrinthic structures are now extinct. From the appearance of a:series of such tests of one species at different stages in development, it would seem as though this labyrinthic condition was developed as a secondary growth in the chamber. One of its uses may be to give added strength to the test, but this does not always seem to be the case, for it may occur in tests which are characterized by thick walls.
APERTURES.
The aperture in a given species seems to be rather constant when the development is understood. Much has been written upon this subject; apertural characters have been used by some authors as a basis for systematic work and discarded by others as very variable. In a few specimens it may seem at first sight as though the apertural characters were very variable, but with a large series showing different stages in development another phase of the matter is presented. In certain cases there is a very decided change in the condition of the aperture, but these changes appear at definite stages in the life history, and all may be seen by cutting back a single full-grown individual. In general, it has seemed from the present study that apertural char- acters, when studied in large series, are a rather dependable set for systematic work, and this will be shown to be true in the Miliolides and Lagenide especially.
Jn many species teeth of various sorts are developed in the aperture, and these teeth are subject to various modifications. It can be dem- onstrated that these modifications occur in a definite sequence, and that this sequence is important from a phylogenetic point of view.
In a considerable number of genera a definite tubular neck is devel- oped, with the aperture at its end. This neck is seen in many genera
6 BULLETIN 71, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
in agroat many modifications, and in Lagena the tube may be inverted and be directed into the chamber of the test.
It is obvious that a very long slit-like aperture may be a source of weakness to the test, especially when it is at the edge of a thin cham- ber. Usually in such cases, as in Orbitolites, the animal changes its aperture from a single one in each chamber to a considerable number. This is often coincident with the development of chamberlets, but not invariably so, for multiple apertures occur in Peneroplis where there
are no chamberlets. ORNAMENTATION.
Many of the tests of the Foraminifera are beautifully ornamented. Raised coste, striations, knobs, spines, and punctate areas form the main types of ornamentation. Several of these or combinations of them may occur in a single species, the form of the ornamentation often changing as the chambers of the test are developed. Certain of the simpler forms of ornamentation may occur as parallelisms in widely separated groups. As arule, the proloculum and early cham- bers are smooth and unornamented, but there are certain exceptions, asin Nodosaria, for example, where in some species ornamentation may occur on the first chamber. In specialized genera it is not uncommon to find certain of the species with the early portion of the test orna- mented, but the last-formed chambers with a loss of ornamentation and a consequent development of smooth chambers. On the other hand, there may be a thickening of the test from without and the covering of the chambers already formed with a secondary growth, often spinose. Such a condition is seen in some species of Bulimina.
SECONDARY CANAL SYSTEMS.
Ordinarily the different parts of the test are connected with one another by the previous apertures, but in some cases, notably in Polystomella, there is a secondary canal system which is very complex and runs to all the parts. This has been worked out by Carpenter and others in detail.
COLOR.
The color of the empty tests in the Foraminifera is not a prominent feature. Among the arenaceousforms the cement is often ferruginous, and when the iron is in sufficiently large proportion it imparts a red- dish or yellowish-brown tinge to the whole structure. With this ex- ception the arenaceous forms are usually dependent for their coloring upon the material from which the test is made up. This material may be of various colors, from the white of coral or siliceous sands to black, with the various colors usually associated with ordinary sand particles. In living specimens of certain of the arenaceous types, Ammodiscus for example, the newly formed portion of the test is
FORAMINIFERA OF NOh‘H PACIFIC OCEAN. 7
often of a much lighter color than the rest of the test; on the other hand, in other forms, as in Hormosina ovicula, the tips of the chambers are often much darker than the rest. In the chitinous tests the usual yellowish-brown color of chitinous structures is present, and is some- what variable in its tone.
In the secreted calcareous tests the usual color is white when empty. There are various exceptions, a reddish or pinkish color being most common, such as appears in Globigerina rubra and Truncatulina rosea, or perhaps more pronounced in Polytrema minaceum. In other cal- careous species, as in various species of Discorbina, there is a brown color rather prominently developed. This is often confined to the earliest chambers, and the later ones may be white. In many species when alive there is probably more or less color which disappears when
the test is empty. LIFE HISTORY.
For many of the Foraminifera two distinct phases have been dis- covered. One of these—the microspheric form—has a proloculum or first chamber of much smaller size than the other—the megalospheric form. These two forms are to be looked for in all species.
The microspheric form has a number of nuclei, often a larger number than there are chambers, scattered irregularly through the protoplasm of the body. There seems to be a rather definite relation between the size of the nuclei and the size of the chamber in which they occur, the larger nuclei being in the larger chambers and the reverse. Appar- ently these nuclei simply divide in their reproduction during the growth of the test.
When the animal attains its adult stage there is a great increase in the number of pseudopodia, and the entire protoplasm either leaves the test and accumulates about the exterior or is drawn into the outer chambers. Finally, each nucleus gathers a mass of protoplasm about itself and secretes the proloculum of a new test. This newly formed proloculum is of the larger type and is the first chamber of the megalospheric form, instead of being of the same size as that of the microspheric parent from which it was derived. The megalospheric form differs from the microspheric form in having a single nucleus. This does not divide, but moves along as new chambers are added, keeping in about the middle chamber numerically. Nucleoli appear in increasing numbers as the growth continues, and finally the whole nucleus breaks down and a great number of minute nuclei appear. These draw about themselves portions of the protoplasmic mass and then divide by mitotic division. Finally, the mass leaves the test in the form of zoospores. These are then supposed to conjugate and to give rise to the small proloculum of the microspheric form, thus completing the life cycle, although the actual process of conjugation
8 BULLETIN 71, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
has not definitely been observed in this group. The empty tests left behind must form a large proportion of the dredged Foraminifera. The two forms may be distinguished by the size of the proloculum and, when sufficiently known, by other characters as well.
The microspheric form is thus the result of a conjugation or a sexual process, while the megalospheric form is the result of simple division or an asexual process. Asa rule the megalospheric form is by far the more common, and in many species the microspheric form is very rare, or even as yet unknown. The microspheric form, while it starts as a smaller individual, in most cases attains a much larger size than the megalospheric, as might be suspected from the nature of the re- productive processes by which it is formed. In species where there are definite stages in development it is usually the microspheric form which repeats these most fully, these stages being reduced or entirely skipped in the megalospheric form of the species.
In some cases the megalospheric form may give rise to a group of megalospheric young instead of to zoospores. On the whole, the life cycle agrees well with the alternation of generations as seen in certain other groups of animals. | .
» PELAGIC FORAMINIFERA.
All of the Foraminifera may be divided into two classes, those which are known to live at the surface, relatively a small number, and those which have been found only on the bottom, which form the great majority.
The pelagic species number but little more than twenty, and of these few are really common at the surface. The two genera which have more than a single species are Globigerina and Pulvinulina. The following species have been taken at the surface: Globigerina xqui- lateralis, G. bulloides, G. conglobata, G. digitata, G. dubia, G. inflata, G. marginata, G. sacculifera; Pulvinulina canariensis, P. crassa, P. menardi, P. patagonica, P. truncatulinoides, P. tumida; Hastigerina pelagica; Orbulina universa; Candeina nitida; Pullenia obliquelocu- lata; Spheroidina dehiscens; Cymbalopora bulloides; and Chilostomella ovoidea.
Of these species a few have been observed but once as single specimens, and at best are but doubtful members of this group. Others are almost never found on the bottom, and may be considered as truly pelagic species.
As a group the pelagic species are characterized by peculiar struc- tures. In Hastigerina pelagica, for example, there has been noted a peculiar vacuoled condition of the protoplasm, in which it extends out from the body to several times the diameter of the test and is filled with large vacuoles. Many of the species have large apertures, and in some cases a number of secondary ones are present, especially in
FORAMINIFERA OF NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN. 9
the last-formed chamber of the adult. There is also a tendency for the last-formed chamber to surround the preceding, ones either entirely, as in Orbulina, or in part, as in some of the species of Globi- gerina. Some of the species develop very long spines on the surface of the test. Most of the species also develop a spherical or nearly spherical test which, as has been shown by Rhumbler, is the form which requires the least amount of secretion to cover the animal. In the matter of the size of the perforations also there is a difference, even in species of the same genus, between those living at the surface and those on the bottom, those of the surface forms being several
times as large as those of the bottom ones. In general, while the
various structures mentioned are also found in the bottom spe- cies to some extent, they are strikingly characteristic of the pelagic Foraminifera.
Evidently the pelagic character has been developed independently, us there are members of three or more families represented. The structures which they have developed in common, therefore, are to be regarded as parallelisms due to similar environmental conditions.
FOOD.
_In general, the food of the Foraminifera consists of vegetable mat- ter, the diatoms and alge of various sorts furnishing the greater part. In some of the pelagic forms, however, it has been observed that copepods are caught and eaten, and some other Protozoa are also caught.
COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION.
For one living near the ocean it is very easy to obtain material for making a preliminary study of the Foraminifera. On stones, on the piles of wharves and bridges, in fact upon almost anything that is stationary for any length of time in the salt water, the Foraminifera will be found in greater or less quantity. In the sand of tide pools many species may be found, and in the sand dredged from a few fathoms there are sure to be some tests present. If locality is not important, and one merely wishes to become acquainted with the various forms, they may be found in the sand from sponges, from the “chain lockers”’ of ships, etc.
For the study of a definite region involving any considerable depth of water a special dredging apparatus must be used, together with the various appliances used in deep-sea work. As such methods are too elaborate for individual work as a rule, it must be left largely to government vessels and to especially equipped scientific expeditions.
- For getting together material for the study of a definite fauna, such
as that of the North Pacific, it is necessary to depend almost wholly upon the work of such specially equipped vessels. The samples that
10 BULLETIN 71, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
are brought up from the ocean bottom must be washed in some way to separate the mud from the other material. One of the easiest and most expeditious ways is to shake the material in a cloth immersed in water. This quickly washes out the mud and leaves the Forami- nifera with more or less sand, fine shells, and like objects. Such material when dried is easily examined, and the Foraminifera desired may be picked out with the tip of a needle moistened slightly or with a fine brush.
For the mounting of the Foraminifera for permanent preservation nothing better seems to be available than the wooden slides men- tioned by Dr. James M. Flint. These are of wood with a concave boring in the middle of one side. The slides themselves are 3 inches long and one inch wide. Some of them as used in the present study have been made thin enough to fit into an ordinary slide box, and have a small concave portion, while another lot has been used nearly twice as thick, but cut at the ends so as to slide into the grooves of a slide box. These latter are drilled with a larger and deeper concavity and are used for the arenaceous and other large species. The bottom of the concavity is blackened with drop black, and the cover is made of a slip of mica held in place by a spring made of a thin strip of brass bent to con- form to the two sides of the slide with enough spring in the strip to make it act as a clamp to hold the piece of mica securely. This clamp may be easily slipped off when the specimen is to be critically exam- ined, or with a hand lens the specimen may be studied directly through the mica. The specimens are dropped into the cavity and not fastened in any way, and are therefore available at any time for studying from any side simply by removing the cover and turning the specimen to the desired position. (See figure.)
For photographing, the specimens have been fastened to the bot- tom by a little glue, and if desired can be easily removed for study.
Great care should be taken in the making up of the slides to keep distinct the material from various stations, even though it may appear as all one species from widely separated localities. If previous collectors and workers had been more exact in some of these details it would now be easier to separate the various species and varieties.
In many of the families the necessity of studying sections of speci- mens is very great. This method, given by many writers, is the best to follow: The specimen is placed in position and fastened by a small drop of glue. When this has hardened the specimen is covered with balsam and heated until the balsam has penetrated into the chambers. After allowing the specimen to become hardened, it may be ground down on an ordinary hone, frequent observations being made to determine the plane of cutting. When the desired plane has been reached the specimen may be removed by dissolving the balsam
FORAMINIFERA OF NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN. ila
with a little xylol and then the glue dissolved by water. By turning the specimen over and repeating the process a thin section may be obtained, which may then be mounted permanently. By this means the arrangement of chambers in the interior of a test may be studied, even when they may be entirely hidden in an ordinary external view.
HISTORICAL.
The North Pacific Ocean as a whole has received less attention, except from the United States vessels, than any of the great ocean
U.S. Natrona MusEum.
No. /25518 a . Buran 4 Pmwey 3392 Qe. Mo. St594% 2 12370 fokows 6 U.S. NationaL Mussum. Rak Aan a No. 1367/8 os
a Atboloss S Gher Bunsan 4 Beh cece Pat y Qe. Ns.244 96 13Uu4D Far ows
| ears ae Ee ee)
Fia. A.—THICK SLIDE. @, SURFACE VIEW; bD, SIDE VIEW, SHOWING GROOVED END FOR FITTING INTO SLIDE BOX. Fic. B.—THIN SLIDE. @, SURFACE VIEW; b, SIDE VIEW.
basins. The idea has been prevalent that it was largely a vast red- clay area of great depth. This was mainly a result of the voyage of the Challenger, which certainly did follow a course leading over such a portion of the bottom. On the whole, the generalization is true that the ocean bed of the North Pacific is a great red-clay area. In spite of this fact, there are, as was shown by the work of the Nero, considerable areas of globigerina ooze containing abundant Forami- nifera. As the aim in the present work is to include all records for
12 BULLETIN 71, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
this region, a short review of the work done on the Foraminifera will not be out of place.
Ehrenberg had material from many parts of the world, and some of his samples included specimens from this area. Carpenter’ s work really gives an idea of certain of the Philippine forms. He mentions several species as occurring here, and notes that they vary more or less from what he terms the same species from the Mediterranean. Defi- nite data are not given, and the few species noted as occurring in the region are not given further attention in this work, as they are for the most part the larger and more common shallow-water species of the tropical coral-reef fauna.
It is in Brady’s Report on the Challenger Foraminifera that the first real sketch of the foraminiferal fauna of the North Pacific is given, especially that of the deeper portions of the adjacent seas. A considerable number of species and varieties are recorded from this area, but the great majority of these are from three regions, really ey three stations. In point of view of richness, these are, first, the coral reefs of the Hawaiian Islands, at a aon of 40 ernoee next a station off Japan on the Hyalonema ground, in 345 Fath oms; the third station is just west of the Philippines, in 95 fathoms. These three stations together furnished a large part of the North Pa- cific records of the Challenger Report. Many of the other stations gave but a few species; some none at all. From these facts it might be imagined that the rich fauna of this area isin the shallow water, and this has proved to be the case. As a rule, the globigerina ooze away from the oceanic islands is uninteresting, consisting almost exclusively of the pelagic types of Globigerina, Pulvinulina, Sphx- roidina, etc. Near the islands it contains more species, but on the whole is far less interesting than the somewhat similar ooze of the North Atlantic.
In 1893 Picaglia * recorded twelve species from three stations in the mid-Pacific from the dredgings of the Vettor Pisani. Of these two were additions to the Challenger list.
In 1894 Schlumberger ® recorded a number of species from a single station in the Sea of Okhotsk. Some of these were described for the first time. He noted the meagerness of the fauna of this particular portion of that ocean area, and his remarks have been confirmed by my examination of the Albatross material of 1906 from the same region.
In 1896 Goés reported upon the Foraminifera from the region be- tween the Galapagos Islands and the coasts of Mexico and ‘Central America.© The area covered was fairly represented in the material
a Atti poe Modena ser. 3, a: 12, pp. 152-155. bMém. Soc. Zool. France, 1894, pp. 237-243. ¢ Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. 29, 1896.
FORAMINIFERA OF NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN. 13
both as to depth and bottom conditions. A considerable number of new species was discovered, and from the list of species given much can be made out as to the characters of the fauna. Goés returned to the National Museum a set of nearly all the species he recorded, and his selected material has been carefully studied in connection with the present work.
In 1899 Flint’s report on the Albatross Foraminifera @ added to the previous knowledge by records from scattered stations on the west coast of North America and a few species from the western - Pacific. Most of the stations from which the material was taken for his report were in the North Atlantic. His report on the Nero mate- rial’ added a few records to the previous ones, although in that report as a rule only the genera were mentioned, the work dealing with oceanography rather than determination of the species in the deposits. Something of the general character of the fauna of various areas may be ascertained from the genera mentioned.
In 1906 Rhumbler reported® upon material from Laysan and the Chatham Islands. The material came from shallow water. Of the species recorded a considerable number were described as new. These records are especially interesting as they represent the littoral fauna not previously recorded, except on the Hawaiian Islands in the Challenger Report. Rhumbler’s records show the existence of a shallow-water fauna of tropical character about these islands, and the new species indicate the individuality of these more or less isolated areas.
In 1908 Bagg ¢ recorded a considerable number of species from the immediate vicinity of the Hawaiian Islands. These records add con- siderably to the recorded fauna of the shallower water as given in the Challenger Report. In this Albatross material the stations reported upon were mainly in globigerina ooze and for the most part lack the shallower water species so common on the coral reefs of this region. The series selected by Doctor Bagg has been examined and the results of this examination appear as the species are discussed.
Altogether the eight titles mentioned have built up a rather numer- ous fauna for the North Pacific, but the material that was available for all of them was rather meager when compared with the material available for the present work. Asa result, not only has a very large proportion of the previously recorded species been rediscovered, but a great many species have been added, some new, and some pre- viously described from other areas. The large series of specimens has added greatly to the ranges of distribution for species which were
aRep. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1897, (1899) pp. 249-349. 6 Bull. 55, U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1905.
¢ Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Syst., vol. 24, pp. 21-80. @Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 34, pp. 113-172.
14 BULLETIN 71, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
formerly known only from isolated stations and has shown the incor- rectness of the determination of many species of this region as iden- tical with species characteristic of the fossil beds of Europe.
SOURCES OF MATERIAL.
U.S. Fisheries steamer Albatross —The greatest part of the work of making known the ocean bottom of the North Pacific has been done by the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross. For the last twenty years the Albatross has been in the Pacific Ocean and has occupied several thousand dredging and hydrographic stations. In the present work these will be referred to in the usual manner, as ‘station D5056”’ or ‘H3228,” ete. Of the Albatross material, that from a considerable number of stations was available from the work of the earlier years. These stations were chiefly along the Pacific coast of the United States, British Columbia, and Alaska. During the early part of 1891 dredging operations were carried on off the coast of California, Mexico, and Central America, and out to the Galapagos Islands. The material collected was worked up by Goés and is recorded in his paper already referred to. Later, in 1891 and continuing into 1892, the Albatross was engaged in a cable survey between California and the Hawanan Islands. About 550 stations were occupied and a mass of material from a definite line across that part of the Pacific was gathered. As is the case in so many parts of this ocean basin, the depth for much of the distance surveyed was too great for the existence of many Foraminifera, the majority of the soundings consisting of typical red clay. In certain parts of the area, however, Foraminifera were fairly common.
In 1902 the Albatross made an exhaustive dredging trip in the vicinity of the Hawaiian Islands. Much of the bottom material was unfortunately destroyed, but the remainder formed the basis of the paper by Doctor Bagg on the Foraminifera of this region. Fortu- nately, the cable survey of 1891 and the work of the Nero furnished new material from a number of stations in this area, and this has been available for the present work.
In 1906 the Albatross made an extended voyage of exploration in the northwestern Pacific, a region practically unknown up to this time. Material from this voyage, especially from about the islands of Japan, the Sea of Japan, the Sea of Okhotsk, etc., has been available in this work and has added very greatly to the knowledge of what may be termed the ‘‘cold-water fauna” of the North Pacific. Many other species were also added from the very interesting region off the southern coast of Japan where the Challenger made a few hauls with such satisfactory results. Some of the Albatross dredgings cover the identical areas where the Challenger dredged, and it is interesting to find again in the Albatross material certain of the rare species
FORAMINIFERA OF NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN. 15
described by Brady in the Challenger Report as from this region only. The more extended work of the Albatross adds much to our knowledge of the real distribution of these species formerly known from only a single station.
U. 8. S. Nero.—Next in importance to the work of the Albatross has been that of the U. S. S. Nero, which in 1899 and 1900 made a detailed cable survey across the North Pacific from the Hawaiian Islands to Midway Island, thence to Guam, to Luzon, to Guam, to * Yokohama, to Guam, to Midway Island, and then back to the Hawai- ian Islands. Thus a very complete line of soundings was made, giving, in connection with the 1891-92 survey from California made by the Albatross, a complete line of soundings and of bottom samples across the whole North Pacific. The work of the Nero by actual distance of the course of the survey gives on an average a record for every few miles of the distance. Such detailed work has not been available for any such distance before. Much of the work was in very deep water in red clay areas, and the results as to the Foram- inifera practically nil, but many areas of shallower water were coy- ered with typical globigerina ooze conditions. The areas about the various centers of work at Honolulu, Midway, Guam, etc., gave an excellent series of Foraminifera. About 750 bottom samples from work of the Nero, mostly from the shallower areas, were examined and much was thereby learned in regard to actual distribution of the various species, many of the results of decided importance in delimit- ing faunal areas for the North Pacific.
U. 8. 8. Alert—A considerable number of bottom samples was available from the work of the U.S. S. Alert in the western Pacific. As a rule, these were in the vicinity of the Bonin Islands and near other volcanic islands, containing in general little of interest, yet certain of the samples had many interesting species and add stations which otherwise would not have been accessible.
Miscellaneous.—Scattered material from various sources has also been available, from the China Sea, Hongkong, and various shore stations in the Philippines. All have added interesting data, although the material from such sources was not usually rich in Foraminifera.
Strangely enough, the region from which the least material was available is that of the west coast of the United States. This is partly due to the fact that the Albatross when in these waters is often engaged in work other than that of dredging. Enough material is available, however, to show that the region is a peculiar one in many
respects. DISTRIBUTION AND ITS FACTORS.
In relation to the Foraminifera there are three conditions which are of importance in addition to the character of the bottom—depth, temperature, and ocean currents.
16 BULLETIN 71, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
In regard to the first of these conditions it may in general be said that there are almost no calcareous Foraminifera to be found in depths greater than 2,500 fathoms. There are certain exceptions to this, but the number of such exceptions is very small. In greater depths than this there are to be found certain species of the arenaceous Foraminifera, which have been found at the greatest depths that dredgings have been made. The reason for the practical disappearance of the calcareous forms below the 2,500-fathom line has not yet been definitely settled. It has been thought that the great pressure at ° that depth has made their dissolution much easier than at shallower depths, but this has not been conclusively demonstrated.
Besides the disappearance of certain groups of forms through dissolution, there are found to be rather definite limits to the range in depth of any particular species when a considerable series may be had for study. Many species are found only in very shallow water, such as Alveolina, Amphistegina, etc. They may be found occa- - sionally at considerable depths in the vicinity of oceanic islands, such as Guam, where the currents carry them into deeper water, but even in such cases the tests show the effects of wave action and are as a rule tests which were apparently empty before they were carried out to this depth. In the neighborhood of such islands very strange mixtures of deep-water with shallow-water species may be found, and mingled with the other two are often many of the typical species of the globigerina ooze.
Bottom temperature has in some cases an apparent influence upon the distribution of certain species. For example, certain species of the arenaceous group which are ordinarily found in deep and cold water are found in’ comparatively shallow water in such regions as that of the Okhotsk Sea, where the bottom temperatures are very low. Apparently in such cases their presence at such depths is to be explained upon the basis of temperature. In a similar manner there are a certain number of species which seem to thrive only in the warm water of the tropics and are for the most part found associated with the other species of animals characteristic of coral reefs.
Ocean currents play an important part in the distribution of species in two ways—(1) by determining in part the distribution of ocean temperatures, and therefore in this way limiting or extending the range of certain species; and also (2) through their position and direction determining the distribution of the pelagic tests on the ocean floor. This will be shown in dealing with distribution of the various species of Globigerina.
With these various factors it is not surprising that definite faunas should exist in different parts of so large and varied a region as that of the North Pacific. In this study a number of rather definite faunas have been met with which may be clearly separated. In general the
FORAMINIFERA OF NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN. a
great ocean depths are very uniform, and it is in this portion of the ocean basins that universal distribution is to be looked for. Many species found at depths of 1,000 fathoms, for example, are probably to be found in similar depths in any of the great ocean basins. This is even more true of those species which are encountered at the 2,000- fathom line. At depths of less than 500 fathoms species occur which in many cases seem to have a rather limited range. Many such species have been found—species, for example, which were recorded by Brady from material from a single Challenger station, and have been found again in the present study on the Albatross material from exactly the same regions and. at approximately the same depths. Such species may be considered as marking definite faunal limits where enough such species occur in any one region. On this basis the North Pacific Ocean may be divided up into several faunal regions, which, while they may have a considerable number of species in common, nevertheless have a distinctive character as a whole.
Among the most characteristic of these faunas may be mentioned the coral-reef fauna, as it may be conveniently called. This fauna, characterized by such genera as Orbitolites, Alveolina, Peneroplis, Amphistegina, Polytrema, etc., is found about the coral reefs of the Philippines, the Hawaiian Islands, Guam, and other of the tropical oceanic islands of this area. It is best developed about the first two groups of islands at comparatively shallow depths. In the north this fauna extends, with certain modifications, up to the southern portion of Japan, but so far as made out it is not developed at all on the eastern coast of the North Pacific. The same fauna is found in the Malay Archipelago, in various parts of the East Indies, off the northern coast of Australia, to some extent in various parts of the Mediterranean, and also a modification of it in the West Indies.
Off the coast of Central America and Mexico there is developed a peculiar fauna which is seen in a modified form in the deeper waters off the eastern coast of the Philippines. Certain of the species, or at least the genera, are also characteristic of certain parts of the extreme North Atlantic, where they have been described by Brady from the Porcupine and other dredgings. Some of the genera which are characteristic of this region are Crithionina, Bathysiphon, large species of Reophax, Verrucina, ete.
Off the coasts of Japan and of the Philippine Islands in green mud at depths of a few hundred fathoms there is another rather definite fauna, which is mainly characterized by many species of the Lagenide, such as Sagrina bifrons H. B. Brady, and many of the species recorded by Brady from the Hyalonema ground south of Japan in about 300 fathoms. This fauna appears to run northward a considerable dis- tance along or off the Japanese coast and to extend eastward to the
16777—Bull. 71—10——2
18 BULLETIN 71, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Ladrone Islands and southward through the Philippines to the region north of Australia.
Besides these three, which are rather definite in their limits, there are many more minor faunas which may be made out, but which are not of sufficient importance to be mentioned here. One example, for illustration, is the cold area extending around the northern portion of the North Pacific and Bering Sea. This is marked by such species as Polystomella sibirica Goés, ete.
On the whole, while the North Pacific is not as interesting perhaps as is the North Atlantic, there are portions of it which are very rich in species which are represented by an abundance of specimens.
The systematic portion of the work has been written on the basis of the distribution in the North Pacific entirely, and the stations are given with this in mind. Occasionally mention of other regions is made, but only when this has some special bearing on this region.
SYSTEMATIC PART.
Order FORAMINIFERA.
Pseudopodia of fine threads, freely anastomosing to form anetwork; test typically with many minute foramina, in one family with a single aperture; wall of the test composed of chitinous or calcareous material when secreted, or of agglutinated sand, sponge spicules, shells, etc., usually secreting either no silica or a very little under certain conditions.
[Family 1. GROMID.
Test usually chitinous, sometimes with a covering of foreign material; apertures one or more; as a rule inhabiting fresh and brackish waters.
As all the material available for the present work consists of strictly marine material, usually dredged from altitudes of several fathoms to the greatest depths, members of this family are not to be expected. They undoubtedly occur in the fresh or brackish waters of the coasts and larger islands. They will not be further considered here.]
Family 2. ASTRORHIZIDA.
Test composed of agglutinated material for the most part, occa- sionally with a chitinous inner layer, consisting of a chamber with several openings or a tubular test open at both ends, or in certain forms, of a closed chamber with a single aperture, but throughout the family the test is not divided into a series of chambers.
The tests here included in this family are all of agglutinated ma- terial, but in some genera, such as Rhizammina, there is a chitinous
FORAMINIFERA OF NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN, 19
base to which the foreign material is attached. There seems to be a regular succession of forms from Astrorhiza, in which there is a central chamber with many irregular openings to the tubular form open at both ends and of indefinite length, thence to the chamber closed usually except at a single point as Proteonvna or with several apertures as in Thurammina. This single-chambered form then leads to the forms with a globular proloculum and an elongated chamber, but undivided. Occasionally tests are found as in Rhabdammina discreta, where there are external constrictions, but without complete divisions within.. Subfamily 1. ASTRORHIZIN 45.
Test consisting usually of a tube open at both ends or in some species of Astrorhiza with several tubes entering a central chamber; in some species with the tube branching (Rhabdammina irregularis, Rhizammina algeformis, etc.).
Included in this subfamily are five genera, Astrorhiza, Rhabdam- mina, Marsipella, Bathysiphon, and Rhizammina. With the ex- ception of the first we know very little concerning the animal, excepting for the material of which the test is made; each consists of a simple or branching tube open at the ends, except in some species of Astrorhiza, where there are several tubes and a single central chamber. The ‘growth seems to take place by the addition of material at the open ends of the tube, thus increasing the length.
Genus ASTRORHIZA Sandahl, 1857.
Astrorhiza SANDAHL (type, Astrorhiza limicola SANDAHL), Ofv. Svensk. Vet. Akad. Férh., vol. 14, no. 7, 1857, p. 299.—H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 230.
Astrorhiza+ Rhabdammina (part) Ermer and Fickert, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool., vol. 65, 1899, p. 666.
Ammodiscus CARPENTER and JEFFREYS, Proc. Roy. Soc. London, 1870, p. 159 (not Ammodiscus Reuss, 1871).
Arenistella FiscHER and DEF out, Les fonds de la mer, vol. 2, 1872, p. 26. -
Astrodiscus F. E.Scuuuze, II Jahr. Comm. wiss. Unt. deutsch. Meer in Kiel, vol. 1, 1875, p. 113.
Heckelina BEssELs, Jen. Zeitschr., vol. 9, 1875, p. 265.
Deseription.—Test free, flattened or tubular, composed of sand or mud loosely cemented; chamber within connecting with the exterior by the open ends of the tubes or by several definite apertures in the flattened forms.
Five species occur in the North Pacific, so far as is known. They are typically cold-water species here, as also in the North Atlantic. None of the species seem to be common so far as the material that has been examined shows.
20 BULLETIN 71, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
ASTRORHIZA ANGULOSA H. B. Brady.
Astrorhiza angulosa H. B. Brapy, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., vol. 21, 1881, p. 48; Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 234, pl. 20, figs. 10-13.—Gois, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. 29, 1896, p. 19.—F int, Rep. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1897 (1899), p. 265, pl. 3, fig. 1—Ruumster, Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1903, p. 218, fig. 38 (in text).
Description.—Test depressed, subtriangular (rarely quadrangular), biconvex, rounded at the edges, interior consisting of a small central chamber from which tubes radiate, one to each angle of the test, their open ends serving as apertures; wall thickest about the central
wes chamber, composed of fine sand, exterior of the test loose and Se within, smoothly finished, wall about the aper- tures often tinged a reddish-brown.
Diameter, 2-4 mm.
Distribution.—This species was ob- tained by the Albatross at asingle station, D3407, off James Island, Galapagos, in 885 fathoms from globigerina ooze.
Of the four specimens from this station in Goés’ material, two have the darker- colored neck as shown in Brady’s figures (pl) 20 fies. i 1 2)¢
Fig. 1.—ASTRORHIZA ANGULOSA. X 15.
ASTRORHIZA FURCATA Goés.
Astrorhiza furcata Go&s, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. 29, 1896, p. 19, pl. 1, figs. 4, 5.—RuumMBLER, Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1903, p. 218, fig. 39 (in text).
Description.—Test flattened below, convex above, triangular, with three tapering arms, attenuated at their ends, which serve as aper- tures; angles between the arms unequal, the arm opposite the smallest angle usually longer than either of the other two; wall of medium thickness, composed of mud and fine sand with occasional larger fragments; texture of wall fairly firm, more so than in most of the other species of the genus, color dark gray or almost black.
Length about 5 mm.
Dstribution.—Obtained by the Albatross at a single station, D3419 off Acapulco, on the west coast of Mexico, in 772 fathoms in green mud. This is the type station.
The three specimens selected by Goés from the original station are figured here. They show the variation in form as well as other slight differences. One or two other specimens were also found in looking through the material from this station. The species is different in
various ways from typical Astrorhiza but may be left here until more material can be obtained.
FORAMINIFERA OF NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN. 21
ASTRORHIZA GRANULOSA (H. B. Brady).
Marsipella granulosa H. B. Brapy, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., vol. 19, 1879, p. 36, pl. 3, figs. 8, 9.—Birscuui, in Bronns, Klassen und Ordnungen des Thier- reichs, vol. 1, 1880, p. 194, pl. 5, fig. 9.
Astrorhiza granulosa H. B. Brapy, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., vol. 21, 1881, p.48; Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 234, pl. 20, figs. 14-23.—_NEumMayr, Stémme Thierreichs, vol. 1, 1889, p. 173, fig. 17d.—Goiis, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 29, 1896, p. 19.—F int, Rep. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1897 (1899), p. 265, pl. 1—Ruumster, Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1903, p. 219, fig. 41 (in text).
Rhabdammina granulosa Ermer and Ficxert, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool., vol. 65, 1899, p. 667.
Description.—Test fusiform, tapering toward the ends, internally with a long tubular chamber of nearly uniform diameter, open at
2
Figs. 2-4.—ASTRORHIZA FURCATA. 2, 3, 4 4, FACE VIEW OF THREE SPECIMENS SELECTED BY GOiis FROM THE TYPE STATION; 40, SIDE VIEW. X 10.
both ends, the apertures sometimes more or less closed by particles of sand; wall composed of fine siliceous sand, loosely cemented externally, occasionally with tests of Globigerina or other foreign particles cemented into the test, ends often with a brownish tinge, the rest of the test grayish.
Maximum length, 5-7 mm.
Nstribution.—I have had material of this species from four stations in the North Pacific. Of these one is the station recorded by Goés, Albatross station, D3375, southwest of Panama in 1,201 fathoms from globigerina ooze. The other three stations are in the North-
22 BULLETIN 71, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
west Pacific, dredged by the Albatross in the 1906 cruise, D4979, 943 fathoms, D5031, 86 fathoms, and D5095, 58 fathoms. The first of these stations is in the southern portion of the Japan Sea, the other two being in shallow water south of Honshu Island, Japan.
The two stations from shallow water are in the influence of cold currents and this may account for the finding of this species at depths so much shal- lower than the previous records.
ASTRORHIZA CRASSATINA H. B. Brady.
Astrorhiza crassatina H. B. Brapy, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., vol. 21, 1881, p. 47; Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 233, pl. 20, figs. 1-9.—Goiis, Konel. Svensk. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 25, no. 9, 1894, p. 18, pl. 2, figs. 11-15; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. 29, 1896, p.19.—F unt, Rep. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1897 (1899), p. 265, pl. 2.—Kiar, Norske Nordhavs-Exp., no. 25, 1899, p. 4.—Ruumstier, Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1903, p. 220, fig. 42 (in text).
Rhabdammina crassatina Erwer and Se Tee Rete a a Ficxert, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool., ey Pe j ; vol. 65, 1899, p. 668.
Description.—Test subcylindrical or irregular, elongate, ends rounded, internally with a tubular chamber, open at both ends, but of .uneven diam- eter, the apertures often more or less closed by particles of sand; walls thick, composed of fine sand, loosely cemented at the surface; occasionally with various foreign particles.
Maximum length of typical specimens, 8-10 mm.
Distribution.—Obtained by the Albatross at three stations in the 1906 cruise, D4946, 39 fathoms, D4949, 110 fathoms, and D4979, 943 fathoms. These three stations are near Japan—one south of Honshu Island, the other two southeast of Kiushu Island. All three of these are within the influence of the cold currents from the north. Goés records this species from Albatross station D3407, off James Island, Galapagos, in 885 fathoms from globigerina 00ze.
The specimens referred to this species by Goés ¥6- 6 — AstRorniza are not typical. They are large, very rough, irreg- Ber ae ular tubes, with a very narrow and little dilated chamber, the longest specimen measuring nearly 25 mm. Just what these tubes are it is difficult to say, but their questionable position must simply be noted until living material can be studied.
FORAMINIFERA OF NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN. 23
ASTRORHIZA TENUIS Goés.
Astrorhiza tenuis Gos, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. 29, 1896, p. 20, pl. 1, figs. 6-8.—RuuMBLER, Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1903, p. 220, fig. 43 (in text).
Description.—‘‘More or less slender cylindrical or fusiformed tubes, usually tapering to the ends, with constricted apertures. Tube channel smooth, with faint traces of spurious septa. Wall loosely cemented of coarse sand, light grayish, comparatively thick.”
‘Length 5-10 mm.; diameter 1-1.5 mm.”
Distribution.—Described by Goés from Albatross station D3431, 995 fathoms, at the entrance to the Gulf of California.
In the collection at Washington there are no specimens of this species in the material returned by Doctor Goés. No specimens which can be definitely assigned to this species were found in an examination of the unsorted material from this station. The de-
FIGs. 7.—ASTRORHIZA TENUIS. a, LONGITUDINAL SECTION; b, TRANSVERSE SECTION; C, SIDE VIEW OF EXTERIOR. (AFTER GOES.) X 6. scription and figures are given from Goés’s original paper. It seems to me questionable whether this is a true Astrorhiza, but without specimens it is difficult to decide.
Genus RHABDAMMINA Carpenter, 1869.
Rhabdammina M. Sars, Forh.Vid. Selsk. Christiania, 1868, p.248 (nomen nudum).— W. B. CarpEnTER (type, R. abyssorum W. B. CARPENTER), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 4, 1869, p. 288; Proc. Roy. Soc. London, vol. 18, 1869, p. 60.—H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 266.
Astrorhiza (part)+ Rhizammina (part) Erwer and FicKxert, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool., vol. 65, 1899, p. 666.
Description.—Test free, tubular, either straight, radiating from a common center or branching, open ends of the tube serving as aper- tures; wall coarsely arenaceous, usually more or less rough, firmly cemented.
24 BULLETIN 71, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
This genus includes five species, four of which are now known from the North Pacific. As they are, as a rule, deep-water species, little is known concerning the soft parts. It seems likely that there is a more definite begining to such a test as that of R. wrregularis than has been seen. All the specimens have the appearance of being broken at the lower end.
RHABDAMMINA ABYSSORUM W. B. Carpenter.
Rhabdammina abyssorum M. Sars, Forh. Vid. Selsk. Christiania, 1868, p. 248 (nomen nudum)—W. B. CARPENTER, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 4, 1869, p. 288; Proc. Roy. Soc. London, vol. 18, 1869, p. 60.—G. O. Sars, Forh. Vid. Selsk. Christiania, 1871, pp. 250, 251.—CarprEnTER, The Microscope, 6th ed., 1881, pp. 562, 563, figs. 321 c, d (in text).—H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 266, pl. 21, figs. 1-13.—Dr Fo.tn, Le Naturaliste, vol. 9, 1887, p. 127, fig. 12a.—A. Acassiz, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. 29, 1888, pp. 162, 163, figs. 492, 493 (in text). —-Newmayr, Stimme Thier- reichs, vol. 1, 1889, p. 173, fig. 17a (in text).—Eacerr, Abh. kon. bay. Akad. Wiss. Miinchen, vol. 18, 1893, p. 255, pl. 4, fig. 31.—Goits, Kongl. Svensk. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 25, no. 9, 1894, p. 19, pl. 4, figs. 67, 68.—ScHLUM- BERGER, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 7, 1894, p. 254.—Gois, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoél., vol. 29, 1896, p. 21—Kimr, Norske Nordhavs-Exp., no. 25, 1899, p. 4.—F unt, Rep. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1897 (1899), p. 271, pl. 12, fig. 2.— RuuMBLER, Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1903, p. 264, fig. 108 (in text).
Rhabdammina abyssorum, var. robusta Goiis, Kong]. Svensk. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 19, No. 4, 1882, p. 143, pl. 12, figs. 430, 431.
Astrorhiza abyssorum Ermer and Ficxerrt, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool., vol. 65, 1899, p. 666.
Description.—Test free, consisting of a central chamber with three to five radiating arms, usually three, of nearly uniform diameter and usually in the same plane, but occasionally, when there are more than three arms, the extra ones may be in a different plane from the other three, arms tubular, circular in cross section, ends open, forming the apertures of the test, wall of the test composed of very firmly cemented sand grains of variable size, exterior usually rough- ened but the interior smooth, wall fairly thick, cement containing ferruginous material giving the test frequently a reddish brown color, but the color varies from light gray to almost black, according to the materials of which it is composed.
Diameter, including arms, up to 17 mm.
Distribution.—The species is well distributed in the North Pacific, occurring in at least fifteen of the Albatross and Nero stations. Of these, one is the station recorded by Goés, D3375, 1,201 fathoms off the west coast of Central America; it was very abundant at D4337, 617-680 fathoms off San Diego, California; one station is in Bering Sea, D3501, in 688 fathoms. The other twelve stations were in the region south of Japan in from 71-1,759 fathoms. The species was obtained by the Challenger at station 237, in 1,875 fathoms, east of Japan.
ig St Sos fe
FORAMINIFERA OF NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN. 25
There is a considerable variation in this species along certain lines. Typically there are three arms, but there are occasionally four or five, these specimens usually being rare. However, at station D4337, off San Diego, California, there was obtained a considerable series of specimens of this species and among these examples with four or even five arms were rather common. In the matter of tex- ture of the wall there is also a considerable variation, partly due
Fics. 8-10.—RHABDAMMINA ABYSSORUM. 8a, FRONT VIEW; b, END VIEW OF ONE ARM OF THE SMOOTHER FORM FROM DEEP WATER, X 10; 9, FRONT VIEW OF A SHALLOW WATER SPECIMEN FROM THE COAST OF JAPAN, X 25; 10, CENTRAL PORTION OF A SPECIMEN WITH FOUR ARMS, X 15.
to bottom conditions it would appear from the material examined. The specimens from shallower water are more apt to be constructed of coarse sand grains, figure 9, while those from deep water where such materials are lacking are made of much finer grains with more or less mud and often contain Globigerina or other tests in the wall. This species has been usually found in deep water, all but four stations being in water more than 600 fathoms deep.
26 BULLETIN 71, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. RHABDAMMINA IRREGULARIS W. B. Carpenter.
Rhabdammina irregularis W. B. CARPENTER, Proc. Roy. Soc. London, vol. 18, 1869, p. 60.—H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 268, pl. 21, fig. 9—Gois, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. 29, 1896, p. 21.— Ruumster, Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1903, p. 263, fig. 106 (in text).
Description.—Test made up of a dichotomously branching tubular chamber, of nearly even diameter, wall of firmly cemented sand
Figs. 11-12.—T wo sPECIMENS OF RHABDAMMINA IRREGULARIS. X 6.
grains, exterior rather rough, interior smoothly finished, ends of the
tubes serving as the apertures, color usually a yellowish- or reddish- brown.
FORAMINIFERA OF NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN, 27
Length, up to 37.5 mm.
Distribution —In the Albatross material from the west coast of Mexico and Central America this species forms what may be called “Rhabdammina bottom,” being the most common constituent of the bottom in several places. In the material reported upon by Goés, it occurred at Albatross station D3392, in 1,270 fathoms off Panama, making up the mass of the dredged material. It also occurred in 995 fathoms at station D3431, at the entrance to the Gulf of California, in great quantity. These stations give all that is known of its distribution in the North Pacific, as it has not been noted in any of the other dredged material. At these stations Rhabdammina abyssorum seems to be lacking.
' Throughout the mass of the material few specimens were found which in any way suggested completeness of the test. Where there is a long unbranched portion at the base it is usually somewhat curved. That there may be more than the two branches is shown by the figures given here. Just what the completed specimens are can not be definitely stated with the material at hand, but a considerable size is surely indicated. There seems to be a point of weakness just above the region of forking, and the great majority of specimens are broken at that point, as shown'in the figure.
RHABDAMMINA DISCRETA H. B. Brady.
Rhabdopleura, species, G. M. Dawson, Can. Nat., vol. 5, 1870, p. 177, fig. 7.
Rhabdopleura abyssorum G. M. Dawson, Amer. Journ. Sci., vol. 1, 1871, p. 206 fig. 7; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 7, 1871, p. 86, fig. 7.
Rhabdammina discreta H. B. Brapy, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., vol. 21, 1881, p. 48; Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 268, pl. 22, figs. 11-13.—CHap- MAN, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1895, p. 14.—Gos, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. 29, 1896, p. 21, pl. 1, figs. 13, 14.—Furt, Rep. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1897, (1899), p. 271, pl. 13.— Eimer and Ficxkert, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool., vol. 65, 1899, p. 668.—RuumstieR, Arch. Protistk., vol.3, 1903, p. 263, fig. 105 (in text).— Baae, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 34, 1908, p. 125.
Description.—Test cylindrical, straight or nearly so, irregularly constricted at intervals, with the effect of divisions exteriorly but no corresponding walls within, open ends of the tube serving as apertures; wall rather thin, firmly cemented of angular sand grains, roughish on the exterior, but smoothly finished on the interior except at the constrictions, where there.are various angles and irregularities; color varying with the material used in the construction of the wall.
Length indefinite, up to 25 mm.
Distribution. —Rhabdammina discreta has been found at six widely separated stations in the North Pacific. In the eastern portion it occurs at Albatross station D3419, in 772 fathoms, off the coast of Mexico in the material examined by Goés. Brady records its occur- rence at one Challenger station in the western Pacific, west of the
28
BULLETIN 71, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Ladrone Islands, in 2,475 fathoms. The Albatross obtained this species at two stations in the 1906 cruise—D4979, in 943 fathoms,
Bat. Cee
south of Honshu Island, Japan, and D5026, in 119 fathoms in the Okhotsk Sea. Bagg records the species from station H4502 in 1,342 fathoms near the Hawai- ian Islands, but his specimen is a mere fragment, poorly characterized.
The specimen figured by Goés is not typical, but there are larger typical specimens among his mounted material from the same station. Brady speaks of the occurrence of this species usually at considerable depths, but in the far north off the coast of Greenland in 20 fathoms and in the far south off Kerguelen Island at 120 fathoms. He also gives a suggestion that the distribution may be more or less affected by the temperature of the ocean bottom. In this con- nection it is interesting to observe that the only North Pacific station for this species at all shallow, 119 fath- oms, in the Okhotsk Sea, had a bottom temperature of 30.4° F., a low temperature even for ocean bottom conditions, colder even than the deeper stations where this species occurs.
RHABDAMMINA LINEARIS H. B. Brady.
Rhabdammina linearis H. B. Brapy, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., vol. 19, 1879, p. 37, pl.3, figs. 10, 11—Btrscutu1, in Bronns Klassen und Ordnungen des Thierreichs, vol. 1, 1880, p. 194, pl. 5, fig. 10.—H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 269, pl. 22, figs. 1-6.—A. Aaassiz, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo6l., vol. 29, 1888, p. 163, fig. 494 (in text).—Goks, Kongl. Svensk. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 25, no. 9, 1894, p. 18, pl. 4, figs. 65, 66.—F Lint, Rep. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1897 (1899), p. 271, pl. 14, fig. 1—Ruumester, Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1903, p. 262, fig. 104 (in text).
Description.—Test free, elongate, straight or with the arms at an angle; central chamber of larger diam-
Fic. 13.—Ruappam. eter than the two elongated tubular arms, wall of the MINA DISCRETA. X central chamber thinner than that of the arms, com-
25.
posed of sand grains firmly cemented, apertures at
the distal ends of the tubes; color variable, from whitish to brown according to the color of the sand of which it is composed. Length 6-7 mm.
FORAMINIFERA OF NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN. 29
Distribution.—Brady records this species from the South Pacific, but in ‘The Summary of Results’ of the Challenger expedition it is only given from two stations, 237 and 246, in 1,875 and 2,050 fathoms, one station east of Japan, the other in the middle of the North Pacific.
No typical example of this species was noted in the North Pacific material I have examined. Two specimens from Albatross station
a + a ts 7 4 oe
. 1 ‘
Te
Fic. 14.—RHABDAMMINALINEARIS. @-€, X 10, €, SHOWING INTERIOR, f,SURFACE. X60. (AFTER BRADY.)
D4957, in 437 fathoms, may possibly belong here, but the central enlargement is not very pronounced.
Genus MARSIPELLA Norman, 1878.
Marsipella Norman (type, M. elongata Norman), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. 1, 1878, p. 281.—H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 264.
Proteonina W. B. CARPENTER, Proc. Roy. Soc. London, vol. 18, 1869, p. 60 (not Proteonina WILLIAMSON, 1858).
Description.—Test free, tubular, cylindrical or fusiform, sometimes recurved at the ends, apertures formed by the open ends of the tube, wall composed wholly or in part of sponge spicules, thin but firmly cemented together.
A single species has been found in the North Pacific, and that has occurred at but few stations. It has been found in the colder por- tions of the North Atlantic.
30 BULLETIN 71, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
MARSIPELLA CYLINDRICA H. B. Brady.
~ Marsipella cylindrica H. B. Brapy, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. 11, 1882, p. 714; Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 265, pl. 24, figs. 20-22.— RuvumMster, Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1903, p. 265, fig. 109 (in text).
Description.—Test tubular, slender, of nearly uniform diameter, ends of the tube open and serving as apertures, wall composed almost entirely of acicular sponge spicules, sometimes entire but
Figs. 15-16.—MARSIPELLA CYLINDRICA. X 30. 15, STRAIGHT TEST COMPOSED LARGELY OF LONG UNBROKEN SPICULES. 16, ROUGHER, DOUBLY CURVED TEST LARGELY MADE UP OF FRAGMENTARY PORTIONS OF SPICULES.
usually in fragments, laid side by side, lengthwise of the test, and strongly cemented.
Length up to 7 mm.; diameter 0.12- 0.25 mm.
Distribution.—As this genus has been recorded but once previously from the North Pacific, it is interesting to find it at four stations, but in small numbers. It has occurred off the Hawaiian Islands, Albatross station H3009, in 603 fathoms, rare. The other three stations are about Japan. They are, Nero station 1225, in 805 fathoms, south of Yokohama; Alba- tross stations D4957, in 437 fathoms, off the eastern coast of Kiushu Island, and D4900, in 139 fathoms, southwest of Nagasaki. The Challenger obtained it at station 237, in 1,875 fathoms, east of Japan.
The tubes are often tinged with a red- dish-brown color as though the cement might contain ferruginous material. The wall is comparatively thin, but may be composed of several layers of spicules.
Genus BATHYSIPHON G.O. Sars, 1871.
Bathysiphon G. O. Sars (M. Sars, in MS.) (type, B. filiformis G. O. Sars) Forh. Vid. Selsk. Christiania, 1871 (1872), p. 251.—_NormaNn, Rep. Brit. Ass., 1880, pp. 389-390.—H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy.
Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 248.—pE Foutn, Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, vol. 40, 1886, p. 273.—RuumBLER, Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1903,
p. 269.
Description.—Test free, cylindrical, sometimes tapering toward one end, straight or somewhat curved, often externally constricted, but without corresponding divisions of the tubular chamber internally, wall composed of sponge spicules overlaid by a varying thickness of
FORAMINIFERA OF NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN. 31
what appears to be siliceous cement, wall thick in comparison with the diameter of the tube.
Two species of this genus have been found in the North Pacific, along the western coast of America, and again along the colder areas off the coast of Japan.
BATHYSIPHON FILIFORMIS G. O. Sars.
Bathysiphon filiformis (M. Sars MS.) G. O. Sars, Forh. Vid. Selsk. Christiania, 1871 (1872), p. 251.—Norman, Rep. Brit. Ass., 1880, p. 389.—H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 248, pl. 26, figs. 15-20.—Goiis, Kongl. Svensk. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 25, no. 9, 1894, p. 16, pl. 3, figs. 39-41.—pE Foun, Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, vol. 40, 1886, p. 279, pl. 6, figs. 4 a-e.—CHAPMAN, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1895, p. 12.—Goks, Bull. Mus. Comp Zool., vol. 29, 1896, p. 23, pl. 1, figs. 11, 12.—RuumsBuier, Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1903, p. 270, fig. 116 (in text).
Description.—Test free, cylindrical, of nearly uniform diameter, straight or somewhat curved, chamber tubular, of nearly uniform diameter, the open ends serving as the apertures; wall composed of felted sponge spicules and fine sand in varying proportions, rather soft; color light gray or white, sometimes even black, but when covered more or less by fine sand, taking on a brownish color.
Length up to 50 mm. or more; diameter up to 4 mm.
Distribution.—Specimens of this species were found by Goés in the Albatross material from the eastern tropical North Pacific at five stations, D3375, D3407, D3418, D3419, and D3431, in depths from 660-1,201 fathoms. I have examined Goés’s material from Station D3419 and have found broken specimens in material from Station D3431. Later I obtained an abundance of fine long speci- mens from material dredged by the Albatross off San Diego, station D4337, 617-680 fathoms. These specimens were the best I have ever seen. The Challenger obtained specimens from station 237, in 1,875 fathoms, east of Japan.
Some of the specimens have a very considerable amount of arena- ceous material built into the outer part of the wall, giving a very different appearance from that of typical specimens. These, how- ever, are of the same size and shape and are associated in the material from the same station. In his list in 1896, page 92, Goés used the name, var. arenosus for this form with the sandy exterior, and his material has still another name, although neither was used in his original text. The constrictions of the wall are not prominent, as in the material figured by Brady.
Several fragmentary specimens were found at Albatross station D 5056, in 258 fathoms, in Suruga Gulf, Japan. These are somewhat smaller than the other material referred to and have a considerable range of variation in the character of the test.
32 BULLETIN 71, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
BATHYSIPHON RUFUS de Folin.
Bathysiphon rufum pr Foun, Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, vol. 40, 1886, p. 283, pl. 6, figs. 8 a-c.—Goiis, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoél., vol. 29, 1896, p. 23, pl. 1, fig. 10.—F int, Rep. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1897 (1899), p. 267, pl. 7.—RHUMBLER, Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1903, p. 270, fig. 118 (in text).
NG
Figs. 17-21.—BatuysipHon FILIFORMIS. 17, a, SIDE VIEW, X 4; b, END VIEW, X 5. 18, LONGITUDINAL SECTION, X 60. 19, TRANSVERSE SECTION, VIEWED BY TRANSMITTED LIGHT, X 60. 20, LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF WALL WITH EXTERIOR COAT, X 60. 21, LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF INNER PORTION OF WALL, X 200. (FIGS. 18-21. ArTER BRApy.)
Description.—Test free, elongate, tapering, slightly curved, surface with many irregularly placed constrictions, smooth and polished, wall
FORAMINIFERA OF NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN. 33
comparatively thick, composed of sponge spicules and a very hard
siliceous cement, color reddish or yellowish brown.
Length up to 12 mm.; diameter about 0.5 mm. in the broadest part.
Distribution.—Goés records this species from three Albatross stations, D3375,D3376, in 1,201 and 1,132 fathoms, respectively, south of Panama, near the equator; the other, D3419, in 772 fathoms, off Acapulco, on the Mexican coast. I have seen material. from station D3376, consisting of eight specimens selected by Goés, and one of which is here figured. Specimens were also seen from station D 3407, just south of the equator, in this same region, in 885 fathoms. <A single specimen was found in material from Aleré station 1156, 2,046 fathoms, south of the Bonin Islands.
The specimens are much more constricted than those figured by de Folin, and none of them has the very small aperture or the finish shown in the larger end of the original specimens figured.
Genus RHIZAMMINA H.B. Brady, 1879.
Rhizammina H. B. Brapy (type, R. algxeformis H. B. Brapy), Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., vol. 19, 1879, p. 39.—Bttscuut1 in Bronns Klassen und Ordnungen des Thierreichs, vol. 1, 1880, p. 195.—H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 274.—RuHuMBLER, Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1903, p. 252.
Marsipella (part) Ermer and Ficxert, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool., vol. 65, 1899, p. 668.
Description.—Test free, consisting of a simple or dichotomously branching flexible tube, wall largely chitinous, bearing various foreign bodies attached to the exterior.
But two species of this genus are kngwn, both occurring rarely in the North Pacific. The flexible character of the wall is a distinctive feature.
RHIZAMMINA ALGAEFORMIS H. B. Brady.
Rhizammina algeformis H. B. Brapy, Quart. Journ, Micr. Sci., vol. 19, 1879, p. 39, pl. 4, figs. 16, 17; Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 274, pl. 28, figs. 1-11.—Go#s, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. 29, 1896,
Fig. 22.—BATHYSIPHON RUFUS. X20. a@,SIDE VIEW; b, END VIEW.
p. 20.—Funt, Rep. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1897 (1899), p. 272, pl. 15, fig. 1.— RauMBLeER, Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1903, p. 252, fig. 92 (in text).
16777— Bull. 71—10—3
84 BULLETIN 71, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Description.—Test free, consisting of a dichotomously branching flexible tube, forming tangled masses of indefinite size; wall thin, largely chitinous, but with various sorts of for- eign matter attached to the exterior, either sand or other foraminiferal tests according to the character of the bottom, surface when free from foreign matter roughened, color of the chitinous tubes brown.
Diameter 0.126—0.315 mm.
Distribution.—But four stations are known in the North Pacific for this species. Three of these are Challenger stations, 237, 244, 246, in 1,875, 2,900 and 2,050 fathoms, respectively ; two in the middle of the North Pacific, the shallowest one east of Japan. Goés found the species at Albatross station D3415, off the coast of Mexico, in 1,879 fathoms. This ma- terial of Goés which I have examined is typ- ; ical, without any appreciable amount of foreign iG. 2-Rmzanewa atam material adherent to the tubes:
Boa As the experiments of Brady show, the test is very largely made up of chitinous material with a small amount of silica in the wall.
RHIZAMMINA INDIVISA H. B. Brady.
Rhizammina indivisa H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 277, pl. 29, figs. 5-7 —Eaeer, Abh. kon. bay. Akad. Wiss. Miinchen, vol. 18, 1893, p. 256, pl. 4, fig. 17—CHapman, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1895, p. 14.—Goks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl. vol. 29, 1896, p. 20.—F int, Rep. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1897 (1899), p. 272, pl. 15, fig. 2—RHUMBLER, Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1903, p. 252, fig. 91 (in text).
Marsipella indivisa Ermer, and FIcKert, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool., vol. 65, 1899, p. 668.
Description.—Test free, cylindrical, flexible, often tapering toward the ends, which are open and serve as apertures, wall composed largely of chitinous ma- terial but with a variable amount of
sand or foraminiferal tests attached to SNe the exterior. Fig. 24.—RHIZAMMINA INDIVISA. X 20.
Length up to 10 mm.; diameter 0.25—0.40 mm.
FORAMINIFERA OF NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN. 35
Distribution.—The only previously recorded station for this species in the North Pacific is Albatross station D3375 in 1,201 fathoms in globigerina ooze southwest of. Panama. Goés’s material consists of six specimens from this station. Some of them are not this species but belong evidently to Pelosina cylindrica H. B. Brady. Frag- mentary material referred to this species has been noted in the sam- ples from three Nero stations between Midway Island and Guam, Nos. 172, 1583, and 1678, in 2,086, 777, and 1,283 fathoms, respectively, all in globigerina ooze.
Subfamily 2. SACCAMMININ 2.
Test consisting of a single chamber, or group of superficially at- tached chambers, the walls made up for the most part of agglutinated material; apertures sometimes numerous but usually single; tests free or attached.
Included here are a number of genera which seem to have certain common characters; that of a test of agglutinated material of a single chamber, usually with a single opening. The wall may be greatly varied in its constituents in the various genera, being composed of sand grains in Proteonina, of a single layer of sponge spicules in Technitella, of a felted mass of spicules in Palulina, or of other tests, etc., in Pelosina cylindrica.
Genus PSAMMOSPHA:RA F. E. Schulze, 1875.
Psammosphexra F. E. Scuuuze (type, P. fusca F. E. Scouuze), II Jahr. Comm. wiss. Unt. deutsch. Meer in Kiel, 1875, p. 113.—Biirscuut, in Bronns Klassen und Ordnungen des Thierreichs, vol. 1, 1880, p. 202.—H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 249.—F int, Rep. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1897 (1899), p. 267.—Ermer and Ficxert, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool., vol. 65,1899, p. 598.—RuumsteEr, Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1903, p. 241.
- Saccammina (part) RauMBLER, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. vol. 57, 1894, p. 462; Nachr.
k6n. Ges. Wiss. G6ttingen, 1895, pp. 81, 82.
Description.—Test free or attached, usually spherical, no definite aperture, the pseudopodia making their way out between the ele- ments of the test; wall composed of sand grains or other loose material cemented together.
Two species of this genus occur in the North Pacific, but both of them are rare and have been found at but few stations.
PSAMMOSPHERA FUSCA F. E. Schulze.
Psammosphera fusca F. E. Scuuuze, II Jahr. Comm. wiss. Unt. deutsch. Meer in Kiel, 1875, p. 113, pl. 2, figs. 8 a~{—H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 249, pl. 18, figs. 1, 5-8 (not 2-4).—Goiis, Kong]. Svensk. Vet. Akad. Hand], vol. 25, no. 9, 1894, p. 14, pl. 3, fig. 19 —CHapMAn, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1895, p. 13.—F int, Rep. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1897 (1899), p. 268, pl. 8, fig. 1.—Mrterr, Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc.,1899, p. 251.—RHUMBLER, Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1903, p. 242, fig. 75 (in text) —SipeBorrom, Mem. and Proc. Manchester Lit. and Philos. Soc., vol. 49, no. 5, 1905, p. 1, pl. 1, fig. 1.
36 BULLETIN 71, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Description.—Test free or attached, generally spherical, no definite aperture: wall composed of a single layer of rather coarse sand grains, rather roughly put together, cement gray or brownish.
Diameter 1.5-4 mm.
Distribution.—Brady records this species from but two Challenger stations in the North Pacific, in 1,850 and 1,875 fathoms, west of the Caroline Islands, and west of Japan. Flint records it at one Nero station, No. 152, in 3,026 fathoms, east of Midway Island. I have specimens from two other Nero stations, Nos. 1153 and 1315, in
Figs. 25-28.—PSAMMOSPHAERA FUSCA. 25, SPECIMEN COMPOSED OF BLACK VOLCANIC SAND, X 25. 26, FREE SPECIMEN, X 20. 27, ATTACHED SPECIMEN, X40. 28, SECTION OF TEST, X 40. (FIGS. 26-28. AFTER BRADY.)
1,932 and 1,494 fathoms, near the Bonin Islands in the Western
Pacific.
PSAMMOSPHERA PARVA Flint.
Psammosphera parva Fut, Rep. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1897 (1899), p. 268, pl. 9, fig. 1—Ruumster, Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1903, p. 242, fig. 77 (in text). Psammosphxra fusca (part) H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 250, pl. 18, figs. 2-4 (not 1, 5-8). Description.—Test free or attached, often attached to or inclosing a sponge spicule, spherical, if free, or frequently with a flattened area
FORAMINIFERA OF NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN. at
when attached, no definite aperture, wall thin, composed of fine sand, the particles firmly united by an abundance a cement which fills up the interstices to a large extent, color grayish or brown
Diameter usually es than 1 mm.
Distribution.—Specimens which seem to be referable to this species have been noted at three stations in the North Pacific—Albatross
Fics. 29-30.—PSAMMOSPHERA PARVA. 29, SPECIMEN ATTACHED TO LARGE SPONGE SPICULE, xX _ 50. 30, SMALLER SPECIMEN (AFTER BRADY), X 40.
station H2899 in 1,531 fathoms, east of the Hawaiian Islands, and D4979 in 943 fathoms, south of Honshu Island, Japan, also Nero station 1321, in 1,518 fathoms near the Bonin Islands.
There seems to be some variation in color in the specimens and the degree to which the cement fills the irregularities of the wall.
Genus SOROSPHA:RA H.B. Brady, 1879.
Sorosphera H. B. Brapy (type, S. confusa H. B. Brapy), Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., vol. 19, 1879, p. 28; Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p.251.— RxavuMBLER, Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1903, p. 235.
Description.—Test consisting of a colony of more or less inflated chambers, without definite apertures, the walls joined to one another, composed of sand grains with interstitial openings.
The following species has been recorded from the North Pacific by Brady:
SOROSPHARA CONFUSA H. B. Brady.
Sorosphxra confusa H. B. Brapy, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., vol. 19, 1879, p. 28, pl. 4, figs. 18, 19; Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 251, pl. 18, figs 9, 10.—RuumBteER, Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1903, p. 235, fig. 63 (in text).
Description.—‘ Test free, consisting of a number of inflated or spher- ical chambers of nearly uniform size, irregularly crowded together and
88 BULLETIN 71, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
adhering to each other by their outer surfaces. Walls thin, finely arenaceous in texture, with minute interstitial orifices. General aperture wanting. Diameter of individual chambers about one- twenty-fifth of an inch (1 mm.), of the entire colony, variable, some- times one-sixth of an inch (4.5 mm.).”’
Distribution.—Brady records this species at one Challenger station, 244, in the middle of the North Pacific in 2,900 fathoms. In the volume on ‘‘Summary of Results”’ this species is also given as occur-
Figs. 31-32.—SOROSPHRA CONFUSA. X 15 (AFTER BRADY).
ring at station 246, in 2,050 fathoms. This station is also in mid- ocean.
The species has not been noted in any of the Albatross or Nero material I have examined from the North Pacific. The above descrip- tion and figure 8 are from Brady.
Genus SACCAMMINA Carpenter, 1869.
Saccammina (M. Sars type, S. spherica G. O. Sars, Forh. Vid. Selsk. Christiania, 1868 (1869), p. 248) [nomen nudum].—CaRrPENTER, Ann Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 4, 1869, p. 289.—Bitscuit, in Bronns Klassen und Ordnungen des Thierreichs, vol. 1, 1880, p. 195.—H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 252.—RuuMBLER, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool., vol. 57, 1894, p. 462.— Emer and Ficxert (part), Zeitschr. wiss. Zool., vol. 65, 1899, p. 671.— RuumMBLER, Arch, Protistk., vol. 3, 1903, p. 242.
Description.—Test free, or sometimes attached, of one or several spherical chambers with distinct apertures, usually one for each chamber, wall composed of sand grains attached firmly to one another by a yellowish or brownish cement.
Two species of Saccammina occur in the North Pacific. The first of these, S. spherica, has been found at numerous stations in the colder waters, but the other species, S. socialis, seems to be very rare.
FORAMINIFERA OF NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN. 39
SACCAMMINA SPHZERICA G. O. Sars.
Saccammina spherica (M. Sars, Forh. Vid. Selsk. Christiania, 1868 (1869), p. 248, nomen nudum), G. O. Sars, Forh. Vid. Selsk. Christiania, 1871, p. 250.—Car- PENTER, The Microscope, 5th ed., 1875, p. 532, fig. 272a-c.—H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 253, pl. 18, figs. 11-17.—Eacrr, Abh. kon. bay. Akad. Wiss. Miinchen, vol. 18, 1893, p. 254, pl. 4, fig. 8 --RHUMBLER, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool., vol. 57, 1894, pp. 433-619, pls. 21-25.—Goiks, Kongl. Svensk. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 25, no. 9, 1894, p. 13, pl. 3, figs. 16-18.— CHAPMAN, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1895, p. 13.—Goi#s, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 29, 1896, p. 26.—F int, Rep. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1897 (1899), p. 269, pl. 9, fig. 2—RuumBter, Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1903, p. 243, figs. 78a-d (in text).
Description.—Test free, rarely attached, spherical or pyriform; typically of a single chamber with a single aperture at the end of a
Fias. 33-36.—SACCAMMINA SPHAERICA. X 15 (AFTER BRADY). 33, FREE SPECIMEN. 34, ATTACHED SPECIMEN. 35, APERTURAL VIEW. 36, SECTION.
slightly projecting portion of the test; wall composed of fairly coarse sand grains, firmly cemented; color various, gray to almost black, occasionally brownish or reddish.
Diameter 1-3.5 mm.
Distribution.—This species appears to be fairly well distributed in the North Pacific in the colder waters. The Challenger dredged
40 BULLETIN 71, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
specimens at station 246 in 2,050 fathoms in the middle of the North Pacific. Goés records it from three Albatross stations off the coast of Mexico in 660-995 fathoms. His selected material which I have seen, from the entrance to the Gulf of California, is very large and more like the typical Arctic material. I have found the species in material in 2,085 fathoms, Albatross station H2833, midway between San Francisco and the Hawaiian Islands; also from several stations south of Japan in the colder water, in 139-1,551 fathoms.
SACCAMMINA SOCIALIS H. B. Brady.
Saccammina socialis H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 255, pl. 18, figs. 18, 19—CHapMman, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1895, p. 13.— RuvuMBLER, Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1903, p. 244, fig. 79 (in text).
Description.—‘Test consisting of several independent arenaceous chambers, individually spherical or subspherical in shape and _ of nearly even size, attached to each other by their outer surfaces, but without stoloniferous intercommunication, each chamber having its own external aperture. Spheres seldom more than six or eight in number, and usually arranged with more or less regularity. Texture finely sandy, nearly smooth externally. Diameter of the individual chambers, one-thirtieth of an inch (0.8 mm.) or less.”
Fias. 37-38.—SACCAMMINA SOCIALIS. X 20 (AFTER BRADY).
Distribution.—Brady described this species from Challenger station 246, 2,050 fathoms, in the middle of the North Pacific. I have seen no material of this species in all the North Pacific material examined.
The figures and description are from the originals of Brady.
Genus PROTEONINA Williamson, 1858.
Proteonina WitLIAMSON (type, P. fusiformis WitttaMson), Recent Foraminifera of Great Britain, 1858, p. 1 (not Proteonina TreRQueEmM, 1875).—RHUMBLER, Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1903, p. 244.
Reophax (part) H. B. Brapy, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., vol. 19, 1879, p. 51; Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 289.—Birscxut, in Bronns Klassen und Ordnungen des Thierreichs, vol. 1, 1880, p. 199.
Reophax RuumsBuEr, Nachr. kén. Ges. Wiss. Géttingen, 1895, p. 82.
Difflugia Eacrr, Abh. kon. bay. Akad. Wiss. Miinchen, vol. 18, 1895, p. 251 (not Difflugia LecLERC, 1815).
Saccammina (part) Ermer and Ficxert, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool., vol. 65, 1899, p. 671.
Description.—Test free, consisting of a single chamber, flask-shaped or fusiform with a single aperture, wall composed of coarse sand
FORAMINIFERA OF NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN. 41
erains or other foreign matter, test usually broadest near the base
and gradually tapering more or less evenly to the apertural end. Several species of Proteonina occur in the North Pacific, certain of
the species apparently confined to specific regions as far as the
material is able to indicate.
PROTEONINA FUSIFORMIS Williamson.
Proteonina fusiformis WILLIAMSON, Recent Foraminifera of Great Britain, 1858, p. 1, pl. 1, fig. 1—Ruumster, Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1903, p. 248, fig. 84 (in text). Reophax fusiformis H. B. Brapy, Denkschr. kais. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 43, pt. 2, 1882, p. 99; Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 290, pl. 30, figs. 7-11.—Mutuert, Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc., 1899, p. 253, pl. 4, fig. 11.—
Baae, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 34, 1908, p. 125.
Lituola fusiformis J. Wricut, Rep. Belfast Club, 1876-77, Append., table.
Lituola nautiloidea, var. scorpiurus W. B. CARPENTER, in Parker and Jones, Intr., Study Foram. 1862, Ap- pend., p. 309.
Description.—Test free, fusiform, asymmet- rical, chamber either single or somewhat incom- pletely divided, walls composed of fairly coarse sand grains, rough externally, but closely cement- ed, aperture terminal, single.
Length 0.63—1.0 mm. or more.
Distribution.—This species does not seem to be common in the North Pacific, but four sta- tions bemg known. The Challenger found it near the Philippines, Station 209, 95 fathoms. Doctor Bagg records it from the Hawaiian Islands, Albatross station H4585, 689 fathoms. It has also been noted from two Nero stations in the vicinity of the Bonin Islands, in 1,415 and 1,543 fathoms.
Specimens of this species are always more or Fic. 39.—PRoronmna FUSF
less irregular in form, but the general character
FORMIS. X 75.
of Williamson’s figure is readily distinguished in the specimens.
PROTEONINA DIFFLUGIFORMIS (H. B. Brady).
Reophaz difflugiformis H. B. Brapy, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., vol. 19, 1879, p. 51, pl. 4, figs. 3 a, 6; Denkschr. kais. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 48, pt. 2, 1882,
p. 99; Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. 11, 1882, p. 715; Rep. Voy. Challen- ger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 289, pl. 30, figs. 2-4 (not 1, 5).—Goiis, Kong]. Svensk. Vet, Akad. Handl., vol. 25, no. 9, 1894, p. 26, pl. 6, figs, 196-198; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoél., vol. 29, 1896, p. 28.—Firnt, Rep. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
_ 1897 (1899), p. 272, pl. 16, fig. 2—Mmm.err, Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc., 1899,
p. 252.
Saccammina difflugiformis Ermer and Ficxert, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool., vol 65,
1899, p. 671.
Proteonina difflugiformis RuumsBieER, Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1903, p. 245, figs.
80 a, 6, (in text).
42 BULLETIN 71, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Description.—Test free, consisting of a single elongate oval or pyriform chamber, with a more or less distinct tubular neck; chamber undivided; wall fairly thick, composed of closely cemented sand grains of variable size and roughness; aperture simple, terminal; color, varying with the material of the wall.
Length 0.36—-0.75 mm.
Distribution.—The various records for this species are all in rather cold or deep water as far as the North Pacific is con- cerned. Brady records it in the deep water of the North- west Pacific, in 2,800-3,950 fathoms. Goés found the spe- cies in material from off the west coast of Mexico and southwest of Panama, Alba- tross stations D3415 and 3376
Fias. 40-41.—PROTEONINA DIFFLUGIFORMIS. 40, A TYPI- - 9 CAL ELONGATE SPECIMEN OF FINE SAND GRAINS. XX 80. in 1,879 and 1,132 fathoms,
41, AN IRREGULAR SPECIMEN WITH LARGER SAND respectively. L have exam- GRAINS, THE LARGE FRAGMENTS AT THE LEFT CAUSING . ae . : . Ne ined Goés’s material from the
A DISTORTION OF THE OUTLINE OF THE TEST. XX 50.
: latter station.
Specimens referable to this species have been found in the Albatross material from the Northwest Pacific, stations D4957, D4979, and D5095, in 437, 943, and 58 fathoms, respectively. These stations are in the cold area off the southeast coast of Japan.
PROTEONINA DIFFLUGIFORMIS (H. B. Brady), var. LAGENARIUM (Berthelin),
Haplophragmium lagenarium Bertuein, Mém. Soc. Géol. France, vol. 1, no. 5, 1880, p. 21, pl. 24, fig. 2.
Reophax difflugiformis (part) H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Chal- lenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 289, pl. 30, figs. 1, 5 (mot 2-4).
Reophax difflugiformis, var. lagenarium Mituert, Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc., 1899, p. 253, pl. 4, fig. 8.
Proteonina difflugiformis-lagenarium RuumMBLER, Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1903, p. 247, fig. 80 c (in text).
Description.—Variety differing from the typical by lacking the distinction between body and neck; elon- gate, exterior rough, usually smaller than the typical and more nearly cylindrical. eis ar eta
Length about 0.25-0.40 mm. MIS, VAR. LAGEN-
Distribution.—This variety has been noted at but “"°" *™ two stations in the North Pacific, occurring at Nero station 1444, in 2,175 fathoms, near Guam, Ladrone Islands, and at Albatross station D4967, 244 fathoms, off Japan.
FORAMINIFERA OF NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN. 43
PROTEONINA OVATA, new species.
Description.—Test free, ovate in side view, nearly circular in end view, wall thick, composed of neatly cemented and fairly large sand grains, apertural end abruptly contracted to form a short, tapering neck with the very small aperture at its extremity; color light yellowish or brownish gray; fairly large
Length about 1.25 mm.; diameter about 0.6 mm.
Distribution.—Specimens of this species have been seen in material from but two stations, Albatross H3007, in 323 fathoms, and Nero station 2071, in 271 fathoms, both near the Hawaiian Islands.
Fig. 43.—PROTEONINA OVATA. X 50. @, FRONT VIEW; 0, APERTURAL VIEW.
Type-specimen.—Cat. No. 8264, U.S.N.M., from Nero station 2071.
The species is a fairly large one. The form, abrupt contraction of the neck with the very small aperture, will at once distinguish this from other described species.
Genus PILULINA W. B. Carpenter.
Pilulina W. B. CARPENTER, (type, P. jeffreysii W. B. CARPENTER.) Descr. Cat. Objects Deep-Sea Dredging [1870], p. 5.—H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p.-244.—Ruumster, Arch. Protistk., vol. 8, 1903, p. 249.
Description.—Test free, globular or ovate, consisting of a single undivided chamber, wall composed of felted sponge spicules and a slight amount of fine sand without cement, aperture elongate, with a somewhat depressed area about it.
A single species was described by Carpenter from the North Atlantic. A new species has been found in material dredged by the fisheries steamer Albatross north of Japan differing in certain characters from the species described by Carpenter. The wall of these species is rather unique, as no cement seems to be used, the long spicules being felted together into a thin wall.
44 BULLETIN 71, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
PILULINA OVATA, new species.
Description.—Test ovate in side view, broadly elliptical or nearly circular when viewed from the apertural end; walls very thin, smooth, composed of felted sponge spicules and fine amorphous material;
FIGs. 44-46.—PILULINA OVATA. 44, d, SIDE VIEW OF ONE OF THE SMALL SPECIMENS, X 20; 6, SAME FROM THE APERTURAL END. 45, A LARGE SPECIMEN FROM THE SIDE. X 12. 46, A PORTION OF THE WALL BY TRANSMITTED LIGHT. X 100.
FORAMINIFERA OF NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN. 45
aperture irregular in shape, elongate, situated in an oval depression at the smaller end of the test; color white.
Largest specimens 5 mm. in length; 3 mm. in diameter.
Distribution.—A number of specimens of this species were obtained by the fisheries steamer Albatross on the 1906 cruise in the North- west Pacific. They are from station D5056, in 258 fathoms, in Suruga Gulf, Japan.
Ty pe-specuemen.—Cat. No. 8257, U.S.N.M., from the above station.
This species differs from Pdlulina jeffreysii Carpenter in its gen- eral form, in its very thin walls, and in the character of its aperture. It may belong to a new genus as it differs in characters of rather more than specific importance. Pilulina jeffreysii is only known from the North Atlantic and this species is widely separated geographically as well as by distinctive characters.
Genus PELOSINA H. B. Brady, 1879.
Pelosina H. B. Brapy (type, P. variabilis H. B. Brapy), Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., vol. 19,1879, p. 30.—Birscutt, in Bronns Klassen und Ordnungen des Thier- reichs, vol. 1, 1880, p. 194.—H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 235.—RuumBLER, Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1903, p. 238.
Description.—Test free, variously formed, rounded, cylindrical or irregularly elongate; wall usually thick, composed of mud with a chitinous basal layer, exterior often with various foreign bodies in- cluded in the test; aperture typically single and terminal.
Three species of Pelosina are known from the North Pacific, but all of them seem to be rare, and for the most part they occur in deep water.
PELOSINA ROTUNDATA H. B. Brady.
Pelosina rotundata H. B. Brapy, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., vol. 19, 1879, p. 31, pl. 3, figs. 4,5; Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol.9, 1884, p. 236, pl. 25, figs. 18-20.—Eacerr, Abh. kon. bay. Akad. Wiss. Miinchen, vol. 18, 1893, p. 254, pl. 11, fig. 60.—MiLETT, Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc., 1899, p. 249, pl. 1, fig. 1.— RuvumMBLeER, Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1903, p. 239, fig. 71 (in text).
Description.—Test flask-shaped or pyriform with an elongated tubular neck, at the end of which is the aperture; wall thick, composed of mud and the tests of other Foraminifera, Globigernia, etc., with little cement, the tubular neck membranaceous, interior consisting of a single undivided chamber, small; color grayish white.
Diameter 1.8 mm.
Distribution.—The Challenger dredged this species at station 246, in 2,050 fathoms in the middle of the North Pacific. This is the only record for this area, although it was found by Millett in material from
46 BULLETIN 71, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
the Malay Archipelago. water.
It has usually been found in rather deep
Figs. 47-49. —PELOSINA ROTUNDATA. > 20 (AFTER BRADY). 48, TRANSVERSE SECTION.
PELOSINA CYLINDRICA H. B. Brady.
Pelosina cylindrica H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 236, pl. 26, figs. 1-6 —Eacrr, Abh. kon. bay. Akad. Wiss. Miinchen, vol. 18, 1893, p. 253, pl. 4, figs. 1, 2—Ruumsuer, Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1903, p. 239, fig. 72
(in text).
Fias. 50-51.—PELOSINA CYLINDRICA.
Description.—Test elon- gate, cylindrical,. straight or slightly curved, of near- ly uniform diameter, ends rounded, aperture at one end, circular; wall thick, composed of loosely aggre- gated shell fragments or foraminiferal tests with a mud base, outside irregu- lar, rough, interior smooth- ly finished, interior chiti- nous; color dark gray, but varying much according to the constituents of the test, being almost white when many foraminiferal tests are included in the wall.
Length up to 12 mm.; diameter about 2 mm.
Distribution.—The Chal- lenger expedition obtained
this species at three North Pacific stations, 237, 244, 246, in
FORAMINIFERA OF NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN. 4'7
1,875-2,900 fathoms. These stations are in the deep portion of the western Pacific, the first of the stations off the east coast of Japan.
The only Albatross material I have seen which may be referred to this species is a portion of the specimens selected by Goés from Alba- tross station D3375, in 1,201 fathoms, in the eastern tropical Pacific. These were all called by Goés Rhizammina indivisa, but some of them evidently belong here.
PELOSINA VARIABILIS H. B. Brady.
Pelosina variabilis H. B. Brapy, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., vol. 19, 1879, p. 30, pl. 3, figs. 1-3; Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol.9, 1884, p. 235, pl. 26, figs. 7-9.— Fuint, Rep. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1897 (1899), p. 266, pl. 4, fig. 1—RHuUMBLER, Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1903, p. 239, fig. 74 (in text).
Description.—Test consisting of a single fusiform chamber, or of two or three independent chambers, irregularly as- sociated, but usually at the apertural end of the first chamber; wall thick, com- posed of mud and some foreign particles loosely aggregated, the basal layer being chitinous, apertural end somewhat extended into a tubular neck, the wall of which is membran- aceous, at its end a circu- lar aperture, chamber within conforming to the shape of the test; color gray.
Diameter at widest por- tion about 2 mm., length 18-20 mm.
Mstribution—In the North Pacific this species isknownonly fromasingle Challenger station, 246, in 2,050 fathoms, situated in the deep por- tion of the middle part of the North Pacific.
Fig. 52,—PELOSINA VARIABILIS. X 20 (AFTER FLINT).
Genus TECHNITELLA Norman, 1878.
Technitella NorMAN (type, T. legumen Norman), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. 1, 1878, p. 279—H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9,
1884, p. 245—RuumBLeEr, Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1903, p. 256. Description.—Test free, usually elongate, subcylindrical, fusiform or elongate-oval, interior consisting of a single chamber; wall thin,
48 BULLETIN 71, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
composed of sponge spicules and fine sand, aperture rounded, single, at one end of the test.
Two species of Technitella are Lae from the North Pacific, and they both seem to be very rare. The genus is at once distinguished by the elongate arrangement of the sponge spicules in the direction of the long axis of the test.
TECHNITELLA LEGUMEN Norman.
Technitella legumen Norman, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. 1, 1878, p. 279, ; pl. 16, figs. 3, 4.—H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 246, pl. 25, figs. 8-12.—Goiis, Kongl. Svensk. Vet. Akad. HandI., vol. 25, no. 9, 1894, p. 14, pl. 3, figs. 20-27.—MiuETt?, Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc., 1899, p. 251, pl. 4, fig. 4—R#umBLER, Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1903, p. 256, fig. 96 (in text). Description.—Test subcylindrical, frequently some- what curved, apertural end rounded or sometimes with a short tubular neck, aboral end rounded or sometimes bluntly pointed; wall composed of sponge spicules and sand grains, aperture rounded; color of test white or grayish white, sometimes with a coating of sand. e Length up to 2.5 mm. Fig. 53.—Trecunirerra Distribution.—Known from station 237 of the Chal- LEGUMEN. X50. Jenger expedition, east of Japan, in 1,875 fathoms.
TECHNITELLA MELO Norman.
Technitella melo Norman, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. 1, 1878, p. 280, pl. 16, figs. 5,6.—H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 246,
oJ?
pl. 25, figs. 7 a, b—Cuapman, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1895, p. 12.—Ruum- BLER, Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1903, p. 256, figs. 95 a, 6 (in text).
Description.—Test oval, being slightly tapering at the ends, aper- ture small, usually cireu- lar, at one end of the test; wall composed al- most entirely of long sponge spicules arranged lengthwise of the test firmly united with a white cement; color white or grayish white. Length, 1.4 mm.; di-
Fig. 54.—TECHNITELLA MELO. X 50 (AFTER BRADY). a, spe ameter, 1.0 mim. VIEW; b, APERTURAL VIEW. Distribution.—T here
is but the one North Pacific Challenger record for this species, station 237, east of Japan, in 1,875 fathoms.
FORAMINIFERA OF NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN. 49
Genus THOLOSINA Rhumbler, 1895.
Placopsilina H. B. Bravy (part), Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., vol. 19, 1879, p. 51; vol. 21, 1881, p. 51; Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 314. Tholosina Ruvmsier, Nachr. kén. Ges. Wiss. Géttingen, 1895, p. 82; Arch.
Protistk., vol. 3, 1903, p. 226. , Pseudoplacopsiiina Ermer and Ficxert, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool., vol. 65, 1899, p. 672.
Description.—Test attached, hemispherical, flattened on the side by which it is attached, chamber single, undivided; walls fairly thick, composed of sand grains with a large proportion of calcareous cement, walls roughened on the exterior.
The single species of this genus has been found but rarely in the North Pacific. It is easily distinguished when it is attached to dark colored tests like khabdammana, as its white color shows up strikingly against the darker background.
Rhumbler seems to be quite right in making a new genus for this species, which is quite different from the genus to which it has usually been assigned. The name proposed by Eimer and Fickert will have to go into the synonymy and the earlier name proposed by Rhumbler
will stand. THOLOSINA BULLA (H. B. Brady). Placopsilina bulla H. B. Brapy, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., vol. 21, 1881, p. 51; Rep.Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 315, pl. 35, figs. 16, 17.—Goiis, Kongl. Svensk. Vet. Akad. Hand1., vol. 25, no. 9, 1894, p. 28, pl. 6, figs. 213- 215 (not figs. 211, 212=Ammolagena); Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. 29, 1896, p. 25.—Mutett, Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc., 1899, p. 361, pl. 5, fig. 11. Tholosina bulla RuuMBLER, Nachr. kén. Ges. Wiss. Gottingen, 1895, p. 82.— Krier, Norske Nordhavys- Exp., No. 25, 1899, p. 4.—RHUMBLER, Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1903, p. 227, fig. 52 (in text). Pseudoplacopsilina bulla Ermer and FIcKkert, Zeit- schr. wiss. Zool., vol. 65, 1899, p. 672. Description.—Test adher- ent hemispherical orstrongly convex, flattened at the base to conform to the surface to which it is attached, usually slightly longer in one di- rection than the other; s 6 9 Fic. 55,—THOLOSINA BULLA. X 15. a, FROM ABOVE; b, chamber single, usually un- FROM SIDE. divided, walls thick, composed of sand grains with an excess of cal- careous cement, surface uneven, apertures simple, nearly circular,
16777—Bull. 71—10-——4
50 BULLETIN 71, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
usually two in number, situated at either end near the base; color grayish white.
Diameter 0.5-1.0 mm.
Distribution.—The only published records for this species in the North Pacific are those of Goés, Albatross station D3399, in 1,740 fathoms off Panama and station D3419, in 772 fathoms off the west coast of Mexico. I have examined the material selected by Goés, consisting of five specimens attached to Rhabdammina and Saccammina. One of these specimens is figured here. This shows a slight tendency toward division as do certain other specimens. Goés* shows a longitudinal section of a specimen indicating a division into three chamberlets. Figures 211 and 212 referred to this species by Goés are really Webbinella bepisnleaes (Jones, Parker, and H. B. Brady).
I have found a single specimen from Blake Reef, south of Japan, Albatross station H4881, 316 fathoms, which seems to be an imma- ture specimen of this species. It is attached to a fragment of shell, slightly less convex than larger specimens, but otherwise similar. Another single specimen was found from Albatross station D5056, in 258 fathoms on the east coast of Japan, attached to a specimen of Bathysiphon filiformis. A third single specimen is from D4979 off Japan attached to a specimen of Rhabdammina.
Genus WEBBINELLA Rhumbler, 1903.
Webbina Jones, Parker, and H. B. Brapy, Pal. Soc. Monogr., 1865, p. 27 (not Webbina p’OrBIGNY, 1839).—H. B. Brapy (part), Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 348.—Cuapman, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6,vol. 18, 1896, p. 326.
Psammosphera Ermer and Ficxert (part), Zeitschr. wiss. Zool., vol. 65, 1899, p. 671.
Webbinella RHuMBLER (part), Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1908, p. 228.
Description.—Test adherent, circular in outline, the central por- tion convex, the peripheral portion often forming a flattened rim about the central portion; chamber single, undivided, wall of medium thickness, composed of sand grains with much cement, aperture not apparent, the pseudopodia being thrust out at the basal portion of the test near the line of its attachment.
The genus Webbinella as thus amended will exclude Webbinella clavata (Jones and Parker), which is placed in the genus Ammolagena, which seems very distinct. Webbinella as here understood contains the single species described below.
a Konel. one Vee. Akad. Handl., vol. 25, no. 9, 1894, pl. 6, fig. 215.
B ;
FORAMINIFERA OF NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN. 51
WEBBINELLA HEMISPHERICA (Jones, Parker, and H. B. Brady).
Webbina hemisphxrica Jones, Parker, and H. B. Brapy, Pal. Soc. Monogr.. 1865, p. 27, pl. 4, fig. 5—Roserrtson, Rep. Brit. Ass., 1875, p. 189:—H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 350, pl. 41, fig. 11.—EcceEr, Abh. kén. bay. Akad. Wiss. Miinchen, vol. 18, 1893, p. 266, pl. 14, figs. 1-3.— CusHMAN, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 34, 1908, p. 24.
Placopsilina bulla Gots (part), Kongl. Svensk. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 25, no. 9, 1894, p. 28, pl. 6, figs. 211, 212 (not figs. 213-215).
Psammosphxra hemisphxrica Ermer and FicKkert, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool., vol. 65,
1899, p. 671. Webbinella hemisphxrica RuumBtER, Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1903, p. 228, fig. 54
(in text).
Description.—Test adherent, circular in outline when seen from above, central portion convex, surrounded by a flattened border of varying width, chamber single, un- divided, wall composed of sand grains with much cement, nearly smooth outside, more or less roughened within; aperture not visible, the re- gion of attachment serving for the egress of the pseudopodia about its edge ;colorgrayish-white or brownish.
Diameter 0.5-1.5 mm.
Distribution—The two specimens which I have found in the Albatross material from the Northwest Pacific Sd the only records for this region. Fic. 56.—WEBBINELLA HEMISPHZRICA, AT- Single specimens attached to shell TACHED TO A FRAGMENT OF SHELL, X 50. fragments were found, one at Alba- — % "OM SPE, FROM ABOVE. tross station D4874, in 66 fathoms in Korea Strait, near Japan, the other at D4900, in 139 fathoms in the Eastern Sea of Japan.
Genus AMMOSPHA:ROIDES, new genus.
Description.—Test irregularly subglobular, composed of an elongate or subspherical chamber with double apertures typically; wall finely arenaceous with a large proportion of reddish-brown cement, aper- tures at the end of short tubular portions of the test.
Type of the genus.—Ammospheroides distoma, new species.
The peculiar rusty appearance of the test and the double apertures at once separate this from any allied arenaceous forms.
AMMOSPHEROIDES DISTOMA, new species.
Description.—Test irregular, subglobular or with deep depressions of the surface, irregularly made up of two portions, each of which possesses an aperture; wall finely arenaceous, the outer portion flaking
52 BULLETIN 71, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
off when specimens are dried, fairly smooth, with an abundance of cement of a dark reddish-brown color; apertures at the end of very short tubular necks, irregular or nearly circular in section; color fer-— ruginous, due to the dark reddish-brown color of the cement.
Fic. 57.—AMMOSPHZROIDES DISTOMA. X 50. @, APERTURAL sai FROM SIDE.
Diameter 0.4—0.8 mm.
Distribution.—Specimens of this species were fairly common at one Albatross station, D5018, in the sea of Okhotsk off the southern end of the eastern coast of Sakhalin Island, in 82 fathoms.
Ty pe-specumen.—No. 8258, U.S.N.M., from the above station.
Genus VERRUCINA Goés, 1896.
Verrucina Goiis (type, V. rudis Goiis), Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. 29, 1896, p. 25.—RuumMBLER, Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1903, p. 232. Description.—Test adherent, irregular-ovoid in shape; interior di- vided into irregular chamberlets, wall composed of sand grains, rough externally, aperture usually double, situated in the depressed area at the center of the dorsal side. This genus of Goés contains a single species.
VERRUCINA RUDIS Goés.
Verrucina rudis Gos, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoél., vol. 29, 1896, p. 25, pl. 1, figs. 15, 16.—RuuMBLER, Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1903, p. 233, fig. 62 (in text).
Description.—Test adherent to Rhabdammina, the basal portion spreading over the surface of the tube, the other portion rising up into an irregular-ovoid shape, top flat, depressed in the center, cavity a single chamber divided irregularly into chamberlets, wall fairly thick, aperture single, but usually double at the bottom of the sunken area, color dark gray.
Length averaging about 2 mm.
Distribution.—Known only from the type station, Albatross station D3419, off the west coast of Mexico in 772 fathoms. J have exam- ined the five specimens in the material selected by Goés as well as a few other specimens found in the original material from this station. Some of the specimens are much higher than is shown either in Goés’s figure or in our figure. One specimen is somewhat higher even than
FORAMINIFERA OF NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN. 538
the length of the base. With this exception the characters seem to be rather constant in the specimens examined.
Fig. 58.—VERRUCINA RUDIS. X 10. a, SIDE VIEW; 0, VIEWED FROM ABOVE.
Genus CRITHIONINA Goés, 1894.
Crithionina Goiis (type, C. mamilla Goiis) Kongl. Svensk. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 25, no. 9, 1894, p. 14; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. 29, 1896, p. 24.— RuvuMBLER, Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1903, p. 229.
Description.—Test spherical, lenticular, or variously shaped, inte- rior either labyrinthic or with a single chamber, apertures small and scattered or indistinct, wall thick, composed of sponge spicules or very fine sand, often chalky in appearance.
This genus which has a considerable development in the Arctic and North Atlantic oceans seems to find similar conditions off the western coast of North America where several species occur. They seem in most cases to be specifically distinct from the Atlantic and Arctic forms. Four species occur off the west coast of America.
CRITHIONINA RUGOSA Goés,
Crithionina rugosa Gos, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. 29, 1896, p. 24, pl. 2, figs. 3, 4—RuumBier, Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1903, p. 232, fig. 59 (in text).
Crithionina abyssorum (part) Kiar, Norske Nordhavs-Exp., no. 25, 1899, p. 7, pl. 1, fig. 4 (not 1-3).
54 BULLETIN 71, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Description.—“‘Subglobular, with coarsely tuberculated surface; wall thick, obsoletely cavernous, the chamber somewhat irregular, showing faint traces of subdivision; color gray or whitish; the con- sistency of the shell is usually loose, the texture being finely arenaceous, with a large portion of shell débris. Diameter 1-2 mm.”
Distribution.—Goés found and described this species from ma-~ terial from two Albatross sta- tions D3415, in 1,879 fathoms off the west coast of Mexico and D3407, in 885 fathoms, near the Galapagos Islands.
The above description is cop- ied from that of Goés. His spec- imens from the first of the two stations | have examined. There are six, rather poorly characterized specimens, more irregular than his figure. One of these specimens is figured here.
Fig. 59.—CRITHIONINA RUGOSA. X 20.
CRITHIONINA LENS Goes.
Crithionina lens Gots, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. 29, 1896, p. 24, pl. 2, figs. 5-8.—RuuMBLER, Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1903, p. 232, fig. 60 (in text).
Description.—Test flattened, orbicular, elliptical or irregular in outline, thickest in the middle, giving a lens form to the test as a whole; interior with a central chamber and many large radial cham- berlets irregular in number, size and shape, central cavity sometimes indistinct or obsolete; wall thick, composed of sponge spicules and fine amorphous matter with very fine sand; color light gray, often almost white.
Diameter 2—4 mm.
Distribution.—Goés records this species from three stations in the eastern tropical Pacific, one off Acapulco, Mexico, another south of Panama, the third near the Galapagos Islands, Albatross stations D3376, D3407, D3419, in 772-1,132 fathoms. This is the only region where this species has been met with. I have found a single poor specimen from station D4334, off San Diego, California.
FORAMINIFERA OF NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN. 55
A number of specimens selected by Goés have been examined, and I fail to find any such regularity in the divisions as shown by Goés’s
61, VERTICAL SECTION. X 20. 62, HOR-
60, SURFACE VIEW. X 15. IZONTAL SECTION. X 20.
Figs. 60-62.—CRITHIONINA LENS.
figures. In the accompanying figures are given two sections from
Goés’s material from station D3419.
CRITHIONINA PISUM Goés.
Crithionina pisum Goks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. 29, 1896, p. 24, pl. 2, figs. 1, 2.—Mrttett, Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc., 1899, p. 250, pl. 4, fig. 3.—Furnt, Rep. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1897 (1899), p. 266, pl. 6, fig. 1—RuumBLER, Arch.
Protistk., vol. 8, 1903, p. 242, fig. 57 (in text). Crithionina abyssorum (part) Kiar, Norske Nordhavs-Exp., no. 25, 1899, p. 7,
pl. 1, fig. 2 (not 1, 3, 4).
Description.—Test free, globular in typical form but variable, sur- face even, wall rather thick, soft, composed of loosely-matted sand
56 BULLETIN 71, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
and sponge spicules, interior chamber single, undivided, apertures interstitial; color grayish white.
Diameter 1-3 mm.
The typical form of this species has not been recorded from the North Pacific, but it is represented by the following variety:
CRITHIONINA PISUM Goés, var. HISPIDA Flint.
Crithionina pisum Goks, var. hispida Funt, Rep. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1897 (1899), p. 267, pl. 6, fig. 2—RuumBLER, ‘Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1903, p. 230, fig. 61 (in text).—[?] Baca, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 34, 1908, p. 127.
Crithionina abyssorum (part) Kiar, Norske Nordhavs-Exp., no, 25, 1899, p. 7, pl. 1, figs. 1, 3 (not 2, 4).
Description.—Variety differing from the typical in its smaller size and the hispid surface made up of a great number of sponge spicules arranged nearly perpen- dicular to the outer wall; walls somewhat thinner than in the typical.
About one-half the size of the typical form.
Distribution.—One_ of the original stations for Flint’s material was in the North Pacific, Alba- tross station D3080, in 93 fathoms, green mud, off Hecata Bank, Oregon. Bagg records the variety
from two Albatross sta-
Fic. 63.—CRITHIONINA PISUM, VAR. HISPIDA. X 15 (AFTER tions. H4440, in 1,259 FLINT). a, b, SECTIONS. : : d
fathoms, and H4502, in 1,342 fathoms, both stations in the vicinity of the Hawaiian Islands. I have failed to find this variety in any of the western Pacific material that I have examined.
The specimens from Albatross station H4502 in the National Museum labeled as this variety by Doctor Bagg seem to me to be very small spinose Radiolaria and not Foraminifera. The largest one measures but 0.05 mm. without the spines.
The figure given here is from the original of Doctor Flint.
CRITHIONINA ROTUNDATA, new species.
Description.—Test free, subspherical, composed of loosely aggluti- nated sand grains; surface with many pores leading by canals through the thick walls to the single central chamber, which is simple, nearly spherical, and small compared to the size of the test; wall of the cham-
FORAMINIFERA OF NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN. 5%
ber with many circular or roughly polygonal openings which ramify into the canals leading to the surface; wall of the central chamber and canals firmer than the rest of the test, usually showing in these firmer portions a reddish-brown cement; color dark grayish brown.
Diameter 3-6 mm.
Distribution.—Specimens of this species were common in the mate- rial from Albatross station D4327, off San Diego, Cal., 263-330 fathoms.
Ty pe-specuomen.—Cat. No. 8259, U.S.N.M.
This species is perhaps nearest to Crithionina rugosa and C. ma- milla Goés. It is very much larger than either of those species and
Fics. 64-65.—CRITHIONINA ROTUNDATA. 64, PORTION OF CENTRAL CHAMBER WALL. X 25. 65, VIEW OF SECTIONAL SPECIMEN SHOWING THICK WALL AND RADIAL TUBES. X 10.
has a more definite structure. C. mamilla is an attached form of small size. C. rugosa is also a small, subspherical species. I have examined the original specimens of C. rugosa selected by Goés from the type station, and they are all small and largely made up of white, finely granular material of an entirely different appearance from this species. This is by far the largest species yet known in this genus. Genus THURAMMINA H. B. Brady, 1879. Thurammina H. B. Brapy (type, T. papillata H. B. Brapy), Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., vol. 19, 1879, p. 45.—Biirscuu1, in Bronns Klassen und Ordnungen des Thierreichs, vol. 1, 1880, p. 202.—H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 321. Thyrammina RuuMBiteER, Arch, Protistk., vol. 3, 1903, p. 236. Lituola W. B. CarPENTER (part), The Microscope, 5th ed., 1875, p. 533. Description.—Test typically free, usually nearly spherical, but in some species compressed, chamber single and undivided in typical
58 BULLETIN 71, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
species; wall thin, composed of fine sand with more or less chitin; apertures several to many at the end of nipple-like protuberances of the surface, occasionally wanting.
Two species occur rarely in the North Pacific; the third species, described by Goés, does not seem to be a Foraminifer as far as can be made out by a study of Goés’s material.
THURAMMINA PAPILLATA H. B. Brady.
“Orbuline Lituola” W. B. CarPpENTER, The Microscope, 5th ed., 1875, p. 533, fig. 273 g, h.
Thurammina papillata H. B. Bravy, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., vol. 19, 1879, p. 45, pl. 5, figs. 4-8.—W. B. CarPeNnTER, The Microscope, 6th ed., 1881, p. 561, fig. 320 g, h—H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 321, pl. 36, figs. 7-18.—Eaa@err, Abh. kén. bay. Akad. Wiss. Miinchen, vol. 18, 1893, p. 263, pl. 5, fig. 9—CHapman, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1895, p. 17.—Gos, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoél., vol. 29, 1896, p. 25.—F int, Rep. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1897 (1899), p. 278, pl. 22, fig. 1.
Thyrammina papillata RouMBLER, Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1903, p. 238, fig. 68a-c (in text).
Description.—Test usually free and rounded, occasionally adherent, the lower surface being adapted to the shape of the object to which it is adherent; usually a single chamber, but occasionally another cham- ber is found within the outer one; wall very thin, composed of small sand grains very neatly cemented with a reddish-brown cement, giving the whole test a reddish brown color; aper- tures numerous, variable, situated at the ends of nipple-like projections of vary- ing length.
Diameter 0.4-1.6 mm.
Distribution.—All that is known of this species in the North Pacific is from the Challenger dredgings, stations 237, 246, 253, 26951n 1875;2050; 3.125, .and) 2. aa0 Fic. 66.—Tuurammna parntata. x 30 fathoms, respectively. The first of these
(AFTER BRADY). ' : : stations is a short distance east of Japan, the others in the deep water of the mid-Pacific. It also occurred at station 271, just south of the equator, in 2,425 fathoms.
From the figures and description there is evidently more than one thing now included under this specific name, but more material is necessary to be sure of this.
THURAMMINA ALBICANS H. B. Brady. Thurammina albicans H. B. Brapy, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., vol. 19, 1879, p. 46; Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 323, pl. 37, figs. 2-7. Thyrammina albicans RuuMBLER, Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1903, p. 237, fig. 67 (in text). ‘ Description.—‘‘ Test spherical, or nearly so; with few, usually about six, mammillate orifices, equidistant and regularly disposed. Walls
FORAMINIFERA OF NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN. 59
somewhat thicker than those of the type [T. papillata]; texture very finely arenaceous; color nearly white. Diameter about ;5th inch (0.28 mm.).”
DMstribution.—Brady does not definitely record this species from the North Pacific in volume 9 of the Challenger Report, but in the
70
Figs. 67-72.—THURAMMINA ALBICANS. 67-70, SIDE VIEWS. X 50. 71, SECTION SHOWING THICKNESS OF WALL AND CHARACTER OF THE INTERIOR. X 50. 72, SECTION OF TEST SHOWING MINUTE STRUCTURE, X 100 (FIGS. AFTER BRADY).
second part of the volume on the ‘‘Summary of Results,” this species
is recorded on page 965, from station 246, 2,050 fathoms in the middle
of the North Pacific.
The description and figures are from Brady. THURAMMINA ERINACEA Goés. Thurammina erinacea Gots, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodél., vol. 29, 1896, p. 26, pl. 2, figs. 9, 10. Thyrammina erinacea RHUMBLER, Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1903, p. 237, fig. 66 a, b, (in text).
I have examined the material selected by Goés as belonging to this species and am inclined to think that they are Radiolaria and not Foraminifera at all. Radiolaria of this form and size are not uncommon on both sides of the Pacific. The mounted specimens are fastened to a strip of cardboard and are not easily examined, but some of the specimens are plainly Radiolaria.
Goés recorded this species from nine Albatross stations along the west coast of Mexico and Central America in 557-1,879 fathoms.
Subfamily 3. HY PHRAMMININ 2.
Test consisting of a globular proloculum and a more or less elon- gated, sometimes branching portion, but not divided into chambers; free or attached, wall of various agglutinated materials.
In this subfamily are included a number of genera with the above characters common to all. The main distinction between such genera as Hyperammina, Botellina, Ammolagena, etc., seems to be in the material of the test and the habit of growth rather than in essential differences in the general form of the test. All are of agglutinated material. In Sagenina the test is very much branched, sometimes anastomosing, but in essential features other than its excessive branch- ing seems to belong with the others of this family.
60 BULLETIN 71, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Genus HYPERAMMINA H. B. Brady, 1878.
Rhabdopleura? Dawson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 7, 1871, p. 86.
Hyperammina H. B. Brapy (type, H. elongata H. B. Brapy), (part), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. 1, 1878, p. 433.—Btrscui1, in Bronns Klassen und Ordnungen des Thierreichs, vol. 1, 1880, p. 193.—H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 257.—RuumBier, Nachr. kén. Ges. Wiss. G6ttingen, 1895, p. 82; Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1903, p. 257.
Hyperammina+Bactrammina Eimer and Ficxert, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool., vol 65, 1899, pp. 673, 675.
Description.—Test free, elongate, in general a simple cylindrical tube with a swollen proloculum at the proximal end, the distal end open and serving as the aperture, wall composed of sand grains, interior usually smoothly finished.
There are several species of Hyperammina in the North Pacific, but in general they are the species that are also known from other ocean basins. In general they are found in cool water and often at considerable depths.
HYPERAMMINA ELONGATA H. B. Brady.
Hyperammina elongata H. B. Brapy (part), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. 1, 1878, p. 433, pl. 20, figs. 2 a, b; Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., vol. 19, 1879, p. 72; Denkschr. kais. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 42, 1881, p. 98.—BaLkwIL. and Wrieut, Proc. Roy. Irish Acad., vol. 3, 1882, p. 546.—H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 257, pl. 23, figs. 4, 7 (not 9, 10).—Gois, Kongl. Svensk. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 25, no. 9, 1894, p. 17, pl. 4, figs. 56-58 (not 55).— CHAPMAN, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon- don, 1895, p. 13.—Goés, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoél., vol. 29, 1896, p. 22.— Furnt, Rep. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1897 (1899), p. 270, pl. 10, fig. 2 (part).— Kiar, Norske Nordhavs-Exp., no. 25, 1899. p. 4.—RuumBLeER, Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1903, p. 258, figs. 98 a, b, (in text).
Bactrammina elongata Ermer and Ficx- ERT, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool., vol. 65, 1899, p. 673.
Description.—Test elongate, con- sisting of a long tubular portion of small diameter, composed of sand
grains, proloculum broadly rounded, Figs. 73-74.—HYPERAMMINA ELONGATA. 73, ~ : TEST OF COMPARATIVELY LARGE SAND GRAINS, usually considerably larger than the FROM SHALLOW WATER. X 15. 74, TEST OF FINE diameter of the tube, wall usually MATERIAL FROM DEEPER WATER. X 12. aLbye 5 consisting of but a single layer of sand grains with a varying amount of cement, smooth on the interior surface, rougher on the exterior; aperture at the distal end of the
FORAMINIFERA OF NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN. 61
tube, little if at all constricted; color gray, sometimes brown, de- pending largely upon the color of the sand grains.
Diameter about 0.5 mm.; length up to 8 mm.
Distribution.—This species seems to be well distributed in the North Pacific. The Challenger records note it but twice in this region, in the abyssal region at 2,300 and 3,125 fathoms. Goés records it from two stations in the southeast portion of the region, Albatross stations D3375, 1,201 fathoms, and D3407, 885 fathoms.
I have records of its occurrence at about twenty Albatross and Nero stations in 110-2,848 fathoms. These stations are off Cali- fornia, near Hawaii, several near the Bonin Islands, five on the southeast coast of Japan, and two in Bering Sea.
Specimens of this species are usually without the proloculum, but a number of specimens in the present series show the complete test. It is of sand grains, coarse for the size of the tube as a rule, and the proximal end is broad and almost flattened in some cases. It is rather distinct from the following variety, although the two have been found in company with one another at one station.
HYPERAMMINA ELONGATA H. B. Brady, var. LAVIGATA J. Wright.
Hyperammina elongata H. B. Brapy (part), Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884. p. 257, pl. 23, figs. 9, 10 (not 3, 7, 8).— Gots, Kongl. Svensk. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 25, no. 9, 1894, p. 17, pl. 4, fig. 55 (not 56-58).—F unt, Rep. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1897 (1899), p. 270, pl. 10, fig. 2 (in part).— RuumMBtieER, Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1903, p. 258 (in part).
Hyperammina elongata H. B. Brapy, var. levigata J. Wricut, Proc. Roy. Irish Acad., ser. 3, vol. 1, 1891, p. 466, pl. 20, fig. 1.
Description.—V ariety differing from the typical in its smooth test, great excess of cement, color yellowish or reddish brown, ‘and the proloculum ovoid, somewhat fusi- iform in shape, but little larger in di- ameter than the tube but with somewhat of a constriction where it unites with the .
Fic. 75.—HYPERAMMINA ELONGATA,
meme, usually Of smaller size than the vas) uevears, Sreciuen yrom typical form. Albatross STATION D4979, OFF JAPAN. x 40.
Distribution.—Apparently more rare in the North Pacific than the typical, but not so everywhere. I have found specimens of this variety from Nero station 12, in 1,924
62 BULLETIN 71, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM,
fathoms, near the Hawaiian Islands, station 1012, in 1,932 fathoms, north of Guam, and at Albatross stations D4970 and D4979, southeast of Japan, in 500 and 743 fathoms. At the last station it occurs with the typical form.
This variety seems to be rather distinct, and should be more definitely recorded, as it has certain characters of more than varietal rank, but it is kept here for the present.
HYPERAMMINA FRIABILIS H. B, Brady.
Hyperammina elongata H. B. Brapy (part), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. 1, 1878, p. 433; Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., vol. 19, 1879, p. 32.
Hyperammina friabilis H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Chailenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 258, pl. 23, figs. 1-3, 5, 6. —-Goks, Kong]. Svensk. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 25, No. 9, 1894, p. 17, pl. 4, fig. 59; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. 29, 1896, p. 22.— Furnt, Rep. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1897 (1899), p. 269, pl. 10, fig. 1—RuumBter, Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 19038, p. 258, fig. 99 a, b, in text.
Description.—Test elongate, subcylindrical, or tapering somewhat toward the distal end, nearly straight, test composed of coarse sand grains, wall thick and loosely cemented, ex- terior roughened, interior rather smooth, proxi- mal end closed, forming a nearly spherical proloculum from which the elongated tubu-
lar portion originates, not always distinct
BG. 76. HYPEBAMMINA FETA" from the exterior; aperture at the distal end
PER PORTION or THE TUBE small, nearly circular; color gray, often red-
PO dish-brown about the aperture and on the inner parts of the wall where there is more cement.
Diameter 2 mm., length up to 15-16 mm.
Distribution. have found specimens apparently of this species from four North Pacific stations: Albatross station D2806 in 1,329 fathoms near the Galapagos Islands, station D3608 from Holo- thurian stomachs; from Bering Sea, 279 fathoms; and at Nero station
1528, east of Guam, in 2,391 fathoms. A single specimen was found -
at Albatross station H4014, in 3,800 fathoms, the deepest record for this species. One specimen was found from Albatross station D4334, off California.
FORAMINIFERA OF NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN. 63
HYPERAMMINA MAXIMA, new species.
Deseription.—Test elongate, straight or slghtly curved, large, composed of a swollen proloculum and an elongate tubular chamber; wall thick, composed of sand grains and sponge spicules, rather loosely cemented, aperture rounded, formed by the open end of the tube; color gray or light brownish-gray.
Length up to 40 mm., diameter 2 mm.
Ty pe-specumen.—Cat. No. 8211, U.S.N.M., from Albatross station D4337, off California.
This species is much larger than any of the others of the genus. Its walls have a large proportion of sponge spicules. At the type station this species occurred in great quantities with other arenaceous species.
HYPERAMMINA SUBNODOSA H. B. Brady. Rhabdopleura, species, G. M. Dawson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 7, 1871, p. 86, fig. 7. Hyperammina subnodosa, H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 259, pl. 23, figs. 11-14.—Eacer, Abh. kén. bay. Akad. Wiss. Miin- chen, vol. 18, 1893, p. 255, pl. 4, fig. 32.—Goks, Kongl. Svensk. Vet. Akad. Handl , vol. 25, No. 9, 1894, p. 16, pl. 3, figs. 42-53 (not 54).—Scuium- BERGER, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 7, 1894, p. 254.--RuumBter, Arch. Protistk, vol. 3, 1903, p. 259, fig. 100 a, b (in text).
Description.—Test elongate, subcylindrical, ,..., 775 HyprRamuina comparatively large, proximal end enlarged into maxima. x 2. Prom pHo- a thick-walled proloculum, tube constricted at *°**?™ intervals and with much thicker walls, coarsely arenaceous, aperture at the distal end of the tube, circular; color grayish.
Length up to 18 mm.
Distribution.—This species seems to be rare in the North Pacific. There are five records of its occurrence: Challenger stations 237, 241 east of Japan, in 1,875 and 2,300 fathoms; one station in the Okhotsk Sea, recorded by Schlumberger, in 280 meters; one Albatross station D5026, also in the Okhotsk Sea but a short distance from the preceding, 119 fathoms; and Nero station 1164, near the Bonin Islands, in 2,384 fathoms.
64 BULLETIN 71, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
It may be worthy of note that at the shallowest station, Albatross station D5026, the bottom temperature in September was 30.4° F., even colder than at the abyssal stations where the species was found.
Fig. 80.—HYPERAMMINA SUBNODOSA, FROM THE OKHOTSK SEA X 10. @, SIDE VIEW; Db, SECTION OF A PORTION OF THE CHAMBER LAID OPEN.
Genus SACCORHIZA Eimer and Fickert, 1899.
Hyperammina H. B. Brapy (part), Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., vol. 19, 1879, p. 33; Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 257.—RmuMBLER, Nachr. k6én. Ges. Wiss. Géttingen, 1895, p. 82; Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1903, p. 257.
Saccorhiza (type, Hyperammina ramosa H. B. Brapvy), Erwer and FIcKERT, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool., vol. 65, 1899, p. 670.
Description.—Test free, consisting of an ovoid proloculum with a branching tube, composed of sand grains with many sponge spicules on the exterior, rough; open ends of the tubes serving as apertures.
This genus has been made for this species, which, in its branching, irregular habit and the almost invariable inclusion of sponge spicules, differs from the typical Hyperammina. The genus made by Eimer and Fickert has therefore been used. The other species of Rhumbler, with its inclusions of spicules, has also been included here, although known from but two fragmentary specimens.
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FORAMINIFERA OF NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN. 65
SACCORHIZA RAMOSA (H. B. Brady).
Hyperammina ramosa H. B. Brapy, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., vol. 19, 1879, p. 33, pl. 3, figs. 14, 15; Denkschr. kais. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 42, 1881, p. 98; Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 261, pl. 23, figs. 15-19.—H. B. Brapy, Parker, and Jones, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 12, no. 7, 1888, p. 217, pl. 41, figs. 1-4, 13.—Eacer, Abh. kon. bay. Akad. Wiss. Miin- chen, vol. 18, 1893, p. 255, pl. 4, fig. 15.—Goés, Kongl. Svensk. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 25, no. 9, 1894, p. 18, pl. 4, figs. 61, 62 —CHapman, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1895, p. 13.—Go#s, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoél., vol. 29, 1896, p. 22.—Furnt, Rep. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1897 (1899), p. 270, pl. 11, fig. 1.—Ruum- BLER, Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1903, p. 260, figs. 101 a, 6 (in text).
Saccorhiza ramosa Ermer and Fickert, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool., vol. 65, 1899, p. 670.
Description.—Test free, proloculum ovoid passing into the branched tubular portion, branching irregular, wall fairly thick, composed of sand, more or less coated with sponge spicules exte- riorly, rough; apertures at the ends of the tubes, color grayish.
Mstribution.—This_ spe- cles seems to be generally distributed in the whole North Pacific, twenty-five or more well scattered sta- tions having been noted. However, none of these rec- ords are north of latitude 40° N., but this is probably due to the fact that little material has been available in deep water north of that line.
Complete specimens are very rare, but the frag- mentary specimens, which are readily recognized, are common. This species is very different from the typical Hyperam- mina with the single tube and the ordinary sand grains. The invest- ment of sponge spicules shows a selective character rather marked, for they are present on the test even from deep red-clay areas where spicules are not frequent in the same bottom sample in which the tests occur.
The figured specimen had very few spicules compared with the majority of specimens.
Specimens were obtained in the cold water off Japan in 39 fath- oms, Albatross station D4946. The greater number of stations are over 1,000 fathoms, however, the deepest record of its occurrence being 3,125 fathoms.
16777—Bull. 71—10—_5
Fic. 81.—SACCORHIZA RAMOSA. X 100.
66 BULLETIN 71, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
SACCORHIZA CALCILEGA (Rhumbler). Hyperammina calcilega RHUMBLER, Zool. Jahrb. Abth. Syst., vol. 24, 1906, p. 24, pl. 2, figs. 1, 2
Description.—Test free, consisting of a nearly spherical proloculum and a tubular portion, wall composed of calcareous sponge spicules and of other foreign calcareous granules; color white.
Length 0.6-0.9 mm., breadth 0.15-0.24 mm.
Distribution.—Two specimens from which Rhumbler described this species were found in shallow water at Laysan. Both are fragmentary specimens of small size, but their characters, especially the sponge spicules, would place the spe- cies in the genus Saccorhiza, as here considered. The calcare- ous nature of the foreign mat- ter of the wall is not surprising when the almost universal cal- careous nature of coral reef material is considered.
Genus TOLYPAMMINA Rhumbler, 1895.
. Hyperammina H. B. Brapy (part), Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., vol. 19, 1879, p. 33; Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zool-
ogy, vol. 9, 1884, p. 260. Tolypammina RHUMBLER (type, Hyperammina vagans H. B. Brapvy), Nachr. k6n. Ges. Wiss. Gottingen, 1895, p. 83; Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1903,
p. 276.
Serpulella Ermer and FicKkeErRt,
Zeitschr. wiss. Zool., vol. 65, 1899, p. 674.
Fias. 82-83.—SACCORHIZA CALCILEGA. 82, SPECIMEN SHOW- PPARs i ING PROLOCULUM. X115. 83, SPECIMEN SHOWING APER- Description—Test typically
TURAL PORTION. X 60 (AFTER RHUMBLER). adherent by its under surface, but may become free, consisting of an elongated oval proloculum and long irregular tube, unbr anched, composed of sand erains and reddish- brown cement.
Rhumbler has proposed the above genus for the Hy- perammina vagans of Brady. The attached habit and char- acter of building the test seem sufficient grounds for its separation from others of : aa the species usually assigned Fig. 84.—TOLYPAMMINA VAGANS. X10. FROM PHOTOGRAPH. to My yperammina. Eimer and Fickert also proposed a generic name for this species, but the name proposed by Rhumbler is several years earlier and is here used.
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FORAMINIFERA OF NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN. 67
TOLYPAMMINA VAGANS (H. B. Brady).
Hyperammina vagans H. B. Brapy, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., vol. 19, 1879, p. 33, pl. 3, fig. 5; Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 260, pl. 24, figs. |-9.—F int, Rep. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1897 (1899), p. 270, pl. 11, fig. 2.
Tolypammina vagans RuumBueR, Nachr. kon. Ges. Wiss. Géttingen, 1895, p. 88; Zeitschr, allg. Phys., vol. 2, 1902, p. 281, fig. 97; Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1908, p. 277, fig. 125 a, 6 (in text).
Serpulella vagans Ermer and Fickert, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool., vol. 65, 1899, p. 674.
Description.—Test typically adherent, consisting of an oval-elon- gate proloculum and a long irregularly winding tube of rather uni- form diameter, unbranched, wall composed of sand grains of small size and united by a reddish-brown cement often in considerable amount, surface rather smooth, color reddish-brown, the proloculum often darker than the tubular portion.
Diameter 0.05-0.2 mm., length 1 mm. or more.
Distribution.—This species occurred at four Challenger stations and at eight stations in the Albatross and Nero ma- terial. These are well scattered in the region west of longitude 150° W. and south of latitude 40° N. Most of the stations are over 1,500 fathoms, but it has been noted in shallower water “immer gasp) suonounon or wren off Japan, Albatross stations D4949,in — wen snown In riguRE Jus? ABOVE THE 110 fathoms, D4957in 437 fathoms. It ™??™ occurred near the Hawaiian Islands, H2922 in 268 fathoms. The deepest record for this species in the North Pacific is at Albatross station H4014, 3,800 fathoms, attached to Hyperammina friabilis.
Genus AMMOLAGENA Eimer and Fickert, 1899.
Trochammina JoNES and PARKER (part), Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. 16, 1860, p- 304.—W. B. CarpENTER, Parker, and Jongs, Intr. Study Foram., 1862, - p. 142.
Webbina H. B. Branpy (part), Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. 11, 1882, p. 711 (not Webbina p’OrBiaNny, 1839); Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 349.
Ammolagena Eimer and Fickert, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool., vol. 65, 1899, p. 673 (type, Trochammina irregularis, var. clavata PARKER and JONES).
Webbinella RuuMBLER (part), Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1903, p. 229.
Description.—Test adherent, composed of an oval proloculum with a tubular chamber of variable length but of nearly uniform diameter, the open end serving as the aperture; wall finely arenaceous but with an excess of cement, proloculum without a definite floor.
The generic name of this species following should be that proposed by Eimer and Fickert. Webbina as used by Brady is not at all the
68 BULLETIN 71, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
use as proposed by d’Orbigny. Eimer and Fickert proposed the name Ammolagena in 1899. Rhumbler includes with this species Webbinella hemispherica, but as Ammolagena had already been pro- posed for it the name of Ammolagena Eimer and Fickert should stand and thus the generic name Webbinella is left for Webbinella hemispherica in a restricted sense. The two species seem to be very distinct, Ammolagena clavata having a proloculum and long tubular chamber .with the aperture at the end of the tube. Webbinella - hemispherica consists simply of a single adherent chamber with the aperture at the rim of attachment, and there is nothing corresponding to the long tubular portion seen in Ammolagena clavata.
The two species seem to be generically distinct and one seems re- lated to the Hyperammina group and the other, Webbinella, to the single-chambered Saccamminine.
AMMOLAGENA CLAVATA (Parker and Jones).
Trochammina irregularis, var. clavata PARKER and Jones, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. 16, 1860, p. 304.
Trochammina irregularis (part), W. B. CARPENTER, ParKER, and Jones, Intr.’ Study Foram., 1862, p. 142, pl. 11, fig. 6.
Webbina clavata H. B. Brapy, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. 11, 1882, p. 711; Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 349, pl. 41, figs. 12-16.—H. B. Brapy, Parker, and Jongs, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 12, pt. 7, 1888, p- 218, pl. 42, fig. 21—J. Wricut, Proc. Roy. Irish Acad., vol. 1, 1891, p. 470, pl. 20, figs. 2, 3.—Gois, Kong]. Svensk. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 25, no. 9, 1894, p. 32, pl. 6, figs. 245, 246.—CHapman, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1895, p. 18.—Goiis, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. 29, 1896, p. 35.—F int, Rep. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1897 (1899), p. 279, pl. 24, fig. 3.—K1ar, Norske Nordhavs-Exp. no. 25, 1899, p.4.—Bage, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol. 34, 1908, p. 129.
Ammolagena clavata Emer and Fickert, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool., vol. 65, 1899, p. 673.
Webbinella clavata RuumsBierR, Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1908, p. 229, fig. 55 (in text).
Description.—Test adherent, consisting of an oval or pyriform proloculum of fairly large size, without a floor, arching upward, thin- walled, and a second tubular chamber of indefinite length, sometimes
Fias. 86-87.—AMMOLAGENA CLAVATA. X 12. 86, TWO SPECIMENS ATTACHED TO THE SURFACE OF A SPECIMEN OF RHABDAMMINA. 87, TWO SPECIMENS ATTACHED TO A COILED ARENACEOUS TEST. ALL MEGALOSPHERIC SPECIMENS.
entirely attached; sometimes the later part free and circular in cross section; wall of fine sand grains, usually with an excess of reddish or yellowish brown cement, smooth; open end of the tube serving as the aperture.
FORAMINIFERA OF NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN. 69
Longer diameter of the proloculum 0.5-1 mm.
Distribution.—The only Challenger record for this species is found in the volume on ‘‘Summary of Results.” It is there recorded from station 237, 1,875 fathoms, east of Japan. Brady, in the ninth vol- ume of ‘‘the Challenger Report,” writes that it is a curious fact that he had not met with a single specimen in any of the North Pacific
Fig. 88.—AMMOLAGENA CLAVATA. X 50. SPECIMEN ATTACHED, PORTION OF PROLOCULUM BROKEN AWAY. MICROSPHERIC SPECIMEN WITH SMALL PROLOCULUM AND COMPARATIVELY LONG TUBULAR PORTION.
dredgings. In the Eastern North Pacific Goés has recorded this species from three stations off the coast of Mexico and Central America, 660-1,201 fathoms. Bagg records it from six stations in the vicinity of the Hawaiian Islands, 104-978 fathoms. In the present work I have found it from Albatross station D3431 where Goés records it, H2999, 549 fathoms, and Nero station 2032, 1,014 fathoms, both in the vi- cinity of the Hawaiian Islands.
I have examined Goés’s selected material and also that selected by Bagg, now in the National Museum.
Besides being attached to pebbles, sand, erains, shells, etc., I have noted its occur- rence on the following genera of Foramini- fera: Ammodiscus, Cyclammina, Rhabdam- mina, Haplophragmium, Biloculina, Pulvi- nulina, and Cristellaria, Fig. 89.—AMMOLAGENA CLAVATA,.
Wright, 1891, speaks of the difference in x15. (rrompnorocrapn). micro- the length of tube being related to the size Srcmunsarcacuunannavann, of the proloculum, the shorter tube with the larger proloculum, and the reverse. This would indicate a true di- morphism and would correspond to what is known in other groups, that the largest test is usually that with a microspheric proloculum.
70 BULLETIN 71, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Genus JACULELLA H. B. Brady, 1879.
Jaculella H. B. Brapy (type, J. acuta H. B. Brapy), Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., vol. 19, 1879, p. 35.—Btrscunt, in Bronns Klassen und Ordnungen des Thierreichs, vol. 1, 1880, p. 193—H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 255.—Ruumster, Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1903, p,
273.
Description.—Test free, elongate, conical, widest at the apertural end, opposite end closed; wall thick, composed of sand grains roughly cemented on the exterior.
In Jaculella the distinction between proloculum and tubular cham- ber is not as marked as in some of the other genera, but in J. obtusa the relation is often made out more definitely. There are but two described species, both of which are re- corded from the North Pacific, though but rarely.
JACULELLA ACUTA H. B. Brady. Jaculella acuta H. B. Brapy, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., vol. 19, 1879, p. 35, pl. 3, figs. 12, 13.—Goks, Kongl. Svensk. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 19, no. 4, 1882, p. 143, pl. 12, fig. 432.—H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 255, pl. 22, figs. 14-18.—Goks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodél., vol. 29, 1896, p. 23.—F iin, Rep. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1897 (1899), p. 269, pl. 9, fig.4.—RuuMBLER, Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1903, p. 273, fig. 122 (in text).
Description.—Test elongate, straight, tubular, proximal end closed and acutely pointed, distal end broader, slightly con- stricted to form the aperture which is circular, wall thick, composed of coarse sand grains, firmly cemented, exterior rough, proximal end of the test often reddish-brown, distal portion grayish.
Length variable, up to 25 mm. or even more.
Distribution.—Brady records this spe- cies at but one North Pacific Challenger station, 244, in 2,900 fathoms, in mid-
Figs. 90-91.—Jacuretta acura. x 12 Pacific. I have seen two specimens
Ua GaN from Albatross station H2684 in 1,122 fathoms and H2917 in 2,615 fathoms, one off the coast of Califor- nia, the other near the Hawaiian Islands.
The closed end of the specimens seems to be easily detached as they are rarely found complete.
FORAMINIFERA OF NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN. 71
JACULELLA OBTUSA H. B. Brady.
Jaculella obtusa H. B. Brapy, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. 11, 1882, p. 714; Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 256, pl. 22, figs. 19-22.—Goiks, Kongl. Svensk. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 25, no. 9, 1894, p. 20, pl. 4, figs. 87-89; pl. 5, figs. 90, 91; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., vol. 29, 1896, p. 23.— RuHuUMBLER, Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1903, p. 273, fig. 123 (in text).
Description.—Test elongate, straight, tubular, proximal end closed, obtusely rounded, distal end but slightly broader, its open end form- ing the aperture, wall thick, composed of sand grains, firmly cemented, rough, grayish in color.
Length 10-15 mm.
Distribution Known from a single Challenger sta- tion, No. 237, in 1,875 fathoms, east of Japan. Goés found specimens from Albatross station D3407, 885 fathpms, off the west coast of Mexico. I have found numerous other specimens from this latter station and have a few specimens from Bering Sea, Albatross sta- -tion D3501, in 688 fathoms.
This species is often nearly cylindrical or wider in the middle than at either end, the texture rather less firm than is that of J. acuta. :
Genus SAGENINA Chapman, 1900.
Sagenella H. B. Brapy (type, S. frondescens H. B. Brapy), Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., vol. 19, 1879, p. 41; Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 278 (not Sagenella Haut).
Sagenina CHAPMAN, Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. 28, 1900.—RuHuMB- LER, Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1903, p. 221.
Description.—Test attached, tubular, dichotomously
or irregularly branching, often anastomosing; wall are-
naceous; apertures at the ends of the branches.
This genus contains several species, all occurring as far as known in the eastern seas and in tropical waters or in some cases subtropical as well.
SAGENINA FRONDESCENS (H. B. Brady).
Sagenella frondescens H. B. Brapy, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., vol. 19, 1879, p. 41, pl. 5, fig. 1.—Birscuu, in Bronns Klassen und Ordnungen des Thierreichs, vol. 1, 1880, p. 195, pl. 5, fig. 16.—H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 278, pl. 28, figs. 14, 15.
Sagenina frondescens CHAPMAN, Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. 28, 1900, yg 99 -tacu- p. 4, pl. 1, fig. 1.—Ruumeter, Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1903, LELLA OBTUSA. p. 221, fig. 46 (in text). x 15.
Description.—Test attached, tubular, stout, the tubes forming an irregular network over the surface to which they are attached, dicho- tomously branching or irregular and often anastomosing to form a
72 BULLETIN 71, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
reticulated network; wall of fine sand with a small proportion of cement, rather thin; apertures at the ends of the tubes, rounded; color white, gray, or brown.
Diameter of the main tubes up to 0.5 mm., of the smaller ones as small as 0.12 mm.
Distribution.—Brady de- scribed this species from shallow water about the Admiralty and Friendly islands. A single fragmen- tary specimen was obtained from Albatross station D 4922 in Vincennes Strait, south of Japan, in 60 fath- oms. At this and adjacent stations many other species of tropical Foraminifera seem to reach their northern limit.
Fig. 93.—SAGENINA FRONDESCENS. X 10 (AFTER BRADY).
SAGENINA RAMULOSA, new species,
Description.—Test at- tached, tubular, branch- ing profusely at a small angle, tubes often massed or confluent; wall com- posed of fine coralline mud, smooth; apertures at the ends of the tubes; color, white.
Diameter of the tubes, 0.1-0.2' mm.
Ty pe-specumen.—C at. No.8232, U.S/N.M.,
from Nero station 1066, , off Guam, 934 fathoms Fig. 94.—SAGENINA RAMULOSA. X15. FROM PHOTOGRAPH.
in coral mud, attached to fragments of worn shell.
This species is very slender, much more profusely branching than any specimens of the preceding species that I have seen, and most of the branching at a very acute angle.
;
FORAMINIFERA OF NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN, 73
Subfamily 4. AMMODISCIN 24.
Test composed of a globular proloculum and long undivided tube, closely coiled, either planospirally or in changing planes or to form a spiral test; wall of fine sand with much cement.
Ammodiscus and its allies Gordiammina, Ammodiscoides, and Turrntellella form a rather unified group in that they are all close coiled and are of fine material, with an abundance of reddish cement. As far as known the tests are all free. In Ammodiscus the two forms, microspheric and megalospheric, are known to occur.
Genus AMMODISCUS Reuss, 1861.
Operculina (part) D’ORBIGNY, Foram. Cuba, 1839, p. 71.
Orbis STRICKLAND, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. 2, 1846, p. 30 (not Orbis of Pait- rpPr, 1844—Cornuspira).
Spirillina Wiuu1AMson, Recent Foraminifera of Great Britain, 1858, p. 93 (not Spirillina EHRENBERG, 1841).
Trochammina (part) JoNEs and PARKER, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. 16, 1860, p.304.—W. B. CarrenterR, PARKER, and Jones, Intr. Study Foram., 1862, p. 141.
Ammodiscus (part) Reuss, Sitz. kais. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 44 (1), 1861 (1862), p. 365.—Btrscau, in Bronns Klassen und Ordnungen des Thierreichs, vol. 1, 1880, p. 189.—H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 329.—RuuMBLER, Nachr. k6én. Ges. Wiss. Géttingen, 1895, p. 84.— Emer and Ficxert, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool., vol. 65, 1899, p. 614.—Ruum- BLER, Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1908, p. 280. (Type, A. incertus D’ORBIGNY =O perculina incerta D’ORBIGNY).
Cornuspira (part) Reuss, and various authors (not Cornuspira ScHULTZE, 1854).
Involutina (part) Terquem, Mém. Acad. Imp. Metz, 1860-61 (1862), p. 450; 1862-63 (1863), p. 221.
Description.—Test free, spiral, composed of a proloculum and long undivided tubular second chamber, coiled regularly in one plane, wall finely arenaceous, cement usually brown, surface smooth.
I have restricted Ammodiscus to the basis of Rhumbler, including only those species which have a truly planospiral test.
AMMODISCUS INCERTUS (d’Orbigny).
Operculina incerta D’ ORBIGNY, in De la Sagra, Hist. Phis. Pol. Nat. Cuba, 1839, “‘Foraminiféres,’’ p. 49, pl. 6, figs. 16, 17; Spanish Edit., 1840, p. 71, pl. 6, figs. 16, 17. ;
Spirillina arenacea WiutraAmMson, Recent Foraminifera of Great Britain, 1858, D2 93, pla7 fie203+
Trochammina squamata, var. incerta JoNES and PaRrKeER, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. 16, 1860, p. 304.—ParkeErR and Jones, Appendix to W. B. Car- PENTER, PARKER, and JongEs, Intr. Study Foram., 1862, p. 312.
Trochammina incerta W.B. CARPENTER, PARKER, and JoNngEs, Intr. Study Foram., 1862, p. 141, pl. 11, fig. 2.—Harusier, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. 10, 1882, p. 52, pl. 3.
Ammodiscus incertus H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p- 330, pl. 38, figs. 1-3.—SHERBORN and CHAPMAN, Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc., 1889, p. 484, pl. 11, fig. 7.—Burrows, SHERBORN, and Battery, Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc., 1890, p. 552, pl. 8, fig. 8.—J. Wricut, Proc. Roy. Irish Acad.,
74 BULLETIN 71, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
vol. 1, 1891, p. 468.—Cuapman, Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc., 1892,-p. 326, pl. 6, fig. 11.—-Eacer, Abh. kon. bay. Akad. Wiss. Miinchen, vol. 18, 1893, p.263, pl. 5, figs. 35, 36.—Gois, Kongl. Svensk. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 25, no. 9, 1894, p. 31, pl.6, figs. 238, 239.—Cuapman, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1895, p. 17.— Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. 16, 1895, p. 315, pl. 11, figs. 8, 9.—Gois, Bull. Mus, Comp. Zodl., vol. 29, 1896, p. 34.—F int, Rep. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1897 (1899), p. 278, pl. 23, fig. 2.—Muiiett, Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc., 1899, p. 362.—Emer and Fickert, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool., vol. 65, 1899, p. 614, fig. 32 (in text).—RHUMBLER, Zeitschr. allg. Phys., vol. 2, 1902, p. 1, fig. 18; Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1903, p. 280, fig. 129 (in text).—Smesotrrom, Mem. and Proc. Manchester Lit. and Philos. Soc., vol. 49, No. 5, 1905, p. 5. Ammodiscus tenuis H. B. BRapy, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., vol. 21, 1881, p.51; Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 332, pl. 38, figs. 4-6.—Goiis, Kongl. Svensk. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 25, No. 9, 1894, p. 31, pl. 6, figs. 240, 241.
5b:
—CHAPMAN, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1895, p. 18.—F int, Rep. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1897 (1899), p. 279, pl. 23, fig. 1—Ruumstier, Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1908, p. 281, fig. 130 (in text).
Description.—Test composed of an ovoid proloculum and long spirally coiled, undivided second chamber, coils in a single plane, gradually increasing in size, in the microspheric form very small in the center, in the megalospheric form much larger in the central portion and increasing but little in succeeding coils, in the adult condition chamber about as wide as high, building no floor of its own, aperture at the open end of the chamber, wall arenaceous, usually with an excess of cement, color usually a reddish or reddish- brown, in alcoholic specimens and sometimes in dry ones with the portion about the aperture white.
Diameter of test up to 6 mm.
Distribution.—Brady records a single station for this species in the North Pacific. Besides this station the volume on the ‘‘Sum- mary of Results” of ‘‘The Challenger Report” adds another, 237, in 1,875 fathoms off Japan. Goés records the species as common off the west coast of Mexico and Central America from six Albatross stations. It is common in this material and from Station D3431, from which there are 129 specimens selected by Goés. Flint records it from Panama Bay in 51 fathoms.
Besides these records I have found the species in material from thirteen Albatross and Nero stations in. the North Pacific. These are along the west coast of Mexico and the United States, at the entrance to the Gulf of California, off San Diego and off Oregon; two stations near the Hawaiian Islands; from along the south coast of Honshu Island, Japan, and near Guam. This gives a rather general distri- bution, but one station being north of lat. 40° N. The depths range from 20 to 3,125 fathoms, but only four stations are over 1,500 fathoms in depth. Of the shallower stations, two are 20 and 51 fathoms, the others between 250 and 1,150 fathoms, with the average of all less than 1,000 fathoms for this area.
FORAMINIFERA OF NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN. 75
There seems to be no great doubt that Ammodiscus tenuis H. B. Brady is the megalospheric form of the species of which A. incertus
(d’Orbigny) is the micro- sphericform. From one sta- tion, Albatross D3431, there were 129 specimens, 26 of which were microspheric (A. incertus) and 103 megalo- spheric (A. tenuis); at station D3738, of 16 specimens, 2 were microspheric. At sta- tion D4337, 19 out of 30 specimens were microspheric. At several other stations both forms were obtained, but the amount of material did not admit of a large series being selected. In general, the meg- alospheric form is the more common, the usual feature wherever series of the two forms have been studied in
other genera. Alsothemicro-_
spheric form is usually much larger than the megalospheric when the entire growth is fin- ished. This also seems to be the general rule in the other Foraminifera observed from this standpoint. AMMODISCUS EXSERTUS, new species,
Description.—Test consist- ing of a proloculum and long undivided tubular chamber closely coiled for several rev- olutions, then uncoiling, but
b 96 a
Fics. 95-96.—AMMODISCUS INCERTUS. X 20. 95, LARGE FORM WITH MICROSPHERIC PROLOCULUM AND MANY SMALL EARLY COILS. 96a, FORM WITH MEGALOSPHERIC PROLOCULUM, MADE UP OF A FEW LARGE COILS, THE A. TENUIS H. B. BRADY WHICH IS THE MEGALOSPHERIC FORM OF A. INCERTUS (D’ORBIGNY); 0, APERTURAL VIEW OF SAME SPECIMEN SHOWING THE MEGALOSPHERIC PROLO- CULUM OF GREATER DIAMETER THAN THE SUCCEEDING PORTIONS OF THE TEST.
in the same plane, by a straight tube,
wall finely arenaceous, with a reddish-brown cement, aperture at the end of the uncoiled portion, a circular opening slightly constricted.
Diameter 0.45 mm.
76 BULLETIN 71, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Type-specimen.—Cat. No. 8260, U.S.N.M., from Albatross D4979, in 943 fathoms, off the south coast of Honshu Island, Japan. The specimen figured by Brady @
4 has a similar form, but less developed.
Genus GORDIAMMINA Rhumbler, 1895.
Trochammina (part) JONES and PARKER, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. 61, 1860, p. 304.
Ammodiscus (part) Smppatt and H. B. Brapy, Cat. Brit. Rec. Foram., 1879, p.5; Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 333.
Gordiammina RuumMBLER, Nachr,. kon. Ges. wiss. Géttingen, 1895, p. 84; Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1903, p. 281. Type, G. charoides (JonES and Par- KER)= Trochammina charoides JONES and PARKER.
Description.—Test composed of a proloculum and long, undivided second chamber, winding upon itself 6 in various planes, not completely
Fig. 97.—AMMODISCUS EXSERTUS. X 100. spiral throughout, wall finely arena-
CEE IE ig ES IEA ceous, with much cement, smooth both without and within, color reddish or yellowish brown.
Rhumbler has proposed a new generic name to include the two species which have the coiled chamber winding in varying planes but not in a regular spire. The method of growth is certainly very different from the planospiral one of Ammodiscus, and the generic name used by Rhumbler has been adopted here.
GORDIAMMINA GORDIALIS (Jones and Parker),
Trochammina squamata, var. gordialis JonES and PARKER, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. 16, 1860, p. 304.—ParxkeER and Joness, Trans. Roy. Soc. Lon- don, vol. 155, 1865, p. 408, pl. 15, fig. 32.
Trochammina gordialis W. B. CARPENTER, PARKER, and Joness, Intr. Study Foram., 1862, p. 141, pl. 11, fig. 4.—Jonrs, Parker, and Kirxsy, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 4, 1869, p. 390, pl. 13, figs 7,8.—Wriaut, Proc. Belfast Field Club, 1876-77 (App.), pl. 4, fig. 3—Haruster, Ann. Mag. Nat Hist., ser. 5, vol. 10, 1882, p. 55, pls. 3 and 4, figs. 8-20.
Trochammina (Ammodiscus) gordialis HArusLER, Neues Jahrb., 1883, p. 59, pl. 4, figs. 2, 3.
Ammodiscus gordialis Sippatt and H. B. Brapy, Cat. Brit. Rec. Foram., 1879, p. 5.—Bitrscuut, in Bronns Klassen und Ordnungen des Thierreichs, vol. 1, 1880, p. 196, pl. 5, fig. 22.—H.B. Brapy, Denkschr. kais. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 42, 1881, p. 100; Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p, 333, pl. 38, figs. 7-9.—HarusteR, Neues Jahrb., Beil., vol. 4, 1885, p. 24, pl. 3, figs.
aRep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, pl. 38, fig. 4,
FORAMINIFERA OF NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN. Ti
10-22, 31.—H. B. Brapy,Parker, and Jongs, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 12, 1888, p. 218, pl. 42, fig. 22.—J. Wrieut, Proc. Roy. Irish Acad., vol. 1, 1891, p.469.—Eacer, Abh. kon. bay. Akad. Wiss. Miinchen, vol. 18, 1893, p. 264, pl. 5, figs. 39, 40.—F int, Rep. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1897 (1899), p. 279, pl. 24., fig. 1.
Gordiammina gordialis RauMBLER, Nachr. k6én. Ges. Wiss. Géttingen, 1895, p. 84; Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1903, p. 282, fig. 132 (in text).
Description.—Test composed of a proloculum and long, undivided second chamber, at first planospiral ike Ammodiscus, but soon leav- ing the one plane and becoming irregularly; coiled wall finely arena- ceous with much cement; color reddish or yellowish brown.
Diameter 0.25—-0.84 mm.
Distribution.—There are seven Challenger records for this species in the North Pacific, six of them in the abyssal region from Japan westward to the mid-Pacific and thence southward to the equator, the other one between Hongkong and Manila. These stations range
100
Figs. 98-100.—GORDIAMMINA GORDIALIS. XX 70 (AFTER BRADY).
in depth from 1,875 to 3,125 fathoms, mostly in red clay areas. The only other North Pacific record is that of Flint, Albatross station D3080, in 93 fathoms off the coast of Oregon.
Many of the figured fossil specimens are very peculiar, and a ques- tion may be raised as to whether they all belong to this species.
GORDIAMMINA CHAROIDES (Jones and Parker).
Trochammina squamata, var. charoides JoNES and PARKER, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. 16, 1860, p. 304.
Trochammina charoides W. B. CARPENTER, JONES, and ParKER, Intr. Study Foram., 1862, p. 141, pl. 11, fig. 3—Stmpa11, Proc. Chester Soc. Nat. Sci., pt. 2, 1878, p. 5.—Haervus.er, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. 10, 1882, p. 56, pl. 4, fig. 21.
Ammodiscus charoides BERTHELIN, Foram. de Bourgneuf et Pornichet, 1878, p. 23, no. 18.—H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 334, pl. 38, figs. 10-16.—J. Wrieut, Proc. Roy. Irish Acad., vol. 1, 1891, p. 469.— CHapMAN, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1895, p. 18.—Furnt, Rep. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1897 (1899), p. 279, pl. 24, fig. 2.
Gordiammina charoides RHUMBLER, Nachr. kén. Ges. Wiss. Géttingen, 1895, p. 84.—Krar, Norske Nordhavs-Exp., no. 25, 1899, p. 4.—RuumBLER, Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1903, p. 282, fig. 133 (in text).
Description.—Test consisting of a proloculum and long, undivided second chamber evenly coiled in a series of layers making a subglobu- lar mass, then turning at right angles to its preceding axis and making
78 BULLETIN 71, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
finally a partial or complete revolution about the earlier-formed globular test ; wall finely arenaceous with much cement; surface smooth and polished; color reddish brown.
Diameter 0.34—0.4 mm.
103
106
Fias. 101-106.—GORDIAMMINA CHAROIDES. X 70 (AFTER BRADY). 104, SECTION THROUGH TEST. 105, APERTURAL VIEW. 106, BROKEN SPECIMEN SHOWING COILS OF INTERIOR.
Distribution.—This species is known in the North Pacifie from two Challenger stations in 1,875—2,575 fathoms, east from Japan. Brady also mentions a North Pacific station ‘‘ from 50-150 fathoms.’’ Flint records the species from off the coast of Oregon, 93 fathoms, from Albatross station D3080.
Genus TURRITELLELLA Rhumbler, 1908.
Trochammina (part) SIDDALL, Proc. Chester Soc. Nat. Sci., pt. 2, 1878, p. 46. Ammodiscus (part) Sippatt and H. B. Brapy, Cat. Brit. Rec. Foram., 1879, p. 5.—BaLKwi.t and MiLLert, Journ. Micr. and Nat. Sci., vol. 3, 1884, p. 25.— H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 335. Turritellopsis RHUMBLER (not of G. O. Sars, 1878), Nachr. kon. Ges. Wiss. Got- tingen, 1895, p. 84. Turritellella RuUMBLER, Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1903, p. 283. Description.—Test free, consisting of a proloculum and long, undi- vided second chamber, coiled in an elongated close spiral, wall com- posed of sand grains and much cement, smooth; aperture, the open end of the tubular chamber. The single species here included has a long, closely spiral test very different from any of the preceding, and it seems proper that it should have a different generic name.
FORAMINIFERA OF NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN. 79
TURRITELLELLA SHONEANA (Siddall).
Trochammina shoneana SippALL, Proc. Chester Soc. Nat. Sci., pt. 2, 1878, p. 46, figs. 1, 2. ia, shoneanus StppatLand H. B. Brapy, Cat. Brit. Rec. Foram., 1879, p. 5.—BaLkwi.i and Wrieut, Proc. Roy. Irish Acad., vol. 3, 1882, p. 546; Journ. Micr. and Nat. Sci., vol. 3, 1884, p. 25, pl. 1, fig. 4.—H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy.: Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 335, pl. 38, figs. 17-19. Turritellopsis shoneanus RuuMBLER, Nachr. kén. Ges. Wiss. Géttingen, 1895, p. 84; Zeitschr. allg. Phys., vol. 2, 1902, p. 284, fig. 103. Turritellella shoneana RHUMBLER, Arch. Protistk., vol. 3, 1903, p. 283, text fig. 135. Description.—Test free, composed of a proloculum and long undi- vided tubular second chamber, in a close coiled, elongate spiral, of. nearly uniform diameter, wall finely arenaceous, with much cement, rounded open end of the tubular chamber serving as the aperture, color reddish-brown. Length 0.25—-0.5 mm. Distribution.—The only North Pacific record for this species is the deepest of the Challenger dredg- ings, station 238, 3,950 fathoms, east of Japan. In other parts of the world this species has been found in rather shallow water.
Family 3. LITUOLIDA.
Test composed of agglutinated & ‘e material for the most part; consist- !'*- Ry ee eee aoe ing of two or more chambers; ar- ranged in a linear, coiled or irregular series; apertures usually one to each chamber, but sometimes more.
The tests included in this family all have the wall composed of agglutinated material with a varying amount of cement in the various genera. Throughout the family as here used the tests are composed of two or more chambers and a definite proloculum is apparent. Usually the tests are composed of a series of chambers. There are well marked genera in the coiled group which in their later growth show a decided uncoiling and this may be carried to an extreme in such forms as Ammobaculites agglutinans where only the early portion shows any trace of coiling.
Several new genera have been made to include species which are very different in their plan of growth. The genera Haplophragmium and Trochammina especially have been divided. According to the type-species of Haplophragmium the test is uncoiled in later develop- ment, closely coiled when young, more or less labyrinthic in the
80 BULLETIN 71, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
interior and having several apertures. Such forms occur most com- monly among the fossil series, but are also known as recent species in the East Indies. Therefore the genus Haplophragmium is here re- stricted to those species none of which have been recorded from the North Pacific.
The planospiral forms are here separated from the trochoid ones, as in the Mollusca, for example, these two types are always distinct, and it has seemed best to keep them so even in the Foraminifera. The uncoiling and closely coiled planospiral forms have also been sepa- rated. A number of previously proposed names have been used. Certain of the genera include species not hitherto described in this group, and which are apparently new.
After a careful review of the work done by various authors the scheme of distributing the genera of the Lituolide among the various families with which they are supposed to have affinities, has been avoided. It is less confusing, it seems to me, to keep the family as it now is, especially when the relationships of the arenaceous and calcareous forms are so hazy and uncertain and in other cases when details of structure are carefully considered the apparent likeness is lost. It has seemed best, therefore, to regard the similarity of form as cases of parallelism and not true relationships.
Subfamily 1. ASCHHMONELLIN 4%.
Test composed of agglutinated material, divided irregularly into chambers without definite plan of arrangement.
The two species of Aschemonella recorded from this area are primi- tive in character. The chamber seems to produce orifices at irregular positions and from any of these a new series of chambers may be initiated, thus giving rise to an irregularly formed test. In this respect these species seem more primitive than the rest of the family
and are here separated from them.
Genus ASCHEMONELLA H. B. Brady, 1879.
Astrorhiza (part) Norman, Proc. Roy. Soc. London, vol. 25, 1876, p. 213.
Aschemonella H. B. Brapy, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., vol. 19, 1879, p. 42.— Biurscuu, in Bronns Klassen, und Ordnungen des Thierreichs, vol. 1, 1880, p. 195. Type, Aschemonella caterrata (NORMAN)=Astrorhiza catenata NORMAN.
Description.—Test free, composed of a number of tubular or in- flated chambers in a single or branching series, irregular in form and size, walls arenaceous, firm, thin, apertures often several, at the end of tubular necks.
The two following species were recorded from the material of the Challenger expedition as occurring in the North Pacific.
FORAMINIFERA OF NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN. 81
ASCHEMONELLA RAMULIFORMIS H. B. Brady.
Aschemonella ramuliformis H. B. Brapy, Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 273, pl. 27, figs. 12-15.
Description.— Test free, elongate; forming an irregular, more or less branched, sometimes segmented tube, with numerous apertures, lateral and terminal. Walls very thin, but hard and firmly cemented; exterior only slightly rugose, interior surface smooth. Length, 4 inch (8 mm.).”
Distribution.—Found at three Chal- lenger stations in the North Pacific, 244, 246, and 253, in 2,050-3,125 fathoms. Most common at station 244 in 2,900 fathoms.
ASCHEMONELLA CATENATA (Norman.)
Astrorhiza catenata NorMAN, Proc. Roy. Soc. London, vol. 25, 1876, p. 213.
Aschemonella catenata H. B. Brapy, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., vol. 19, 1879, p. 42, pl. 4, figs. 12, 13; Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 271, pl. 27, figs. 1-11; pl. 27 A, figs. 1-3.
Aschemonella scabra H. B. Brapy, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., vol. 19, 1879, p. 44, pl. 3, figs. 6, 7.
Description.—‘‘Test free, irregularly branched; chambers numerous, inflated, variable in size and contour, usually with several tubulated orifices, each of which may produce a fresh segment. Walls thin, compactly built, exterior more or less rough, often acerose with partially embedded sponge-spicules; interior smooth. Complete specimens sometimes zz inch (10.5 mm.) in length.” onus
Distribution.—This species isrecorded ig. 110.—AscuEMoNELLA RAMULIFOR- at four Challenger stations in the North Mint ke Pacific, 224, 237, 244, 246, in 1,850-2,900 fathoms. Brady speaks of the specimens from station 244 as the finest obtained by the Challenger.
Subfamily 2. REOPHACIN 4.
Test of agglutinated material, sand grains, sponge-spicules, etc., with a varying amount of cement, chambers in a Iinear series, aperture single at the end of the last formed chamber.
16777—Bull. 71—10——6
{ 82 BULLETIN 71, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
This subfamily includes many species mainly belonging to Reophaz and Hormosina. The chambers vary in relative length and in their relative position, sometimes closely fitting one over the other, some- times drawn out with long tubular portions between the chambers. There is much difference in the materials used by various species, sand grains being the usual material, but certain species select sponge- spicules and in one species, Reophax membranaceus the test is composed largely of chitinous material.
Fias. 111-113.—ASCHEMONELLA CATENATA. X 15 (AFTER BRADY). Genus REOPHAX Montfort, 1808.
Reophax Montrort (type, R. scorpiurus Montrort), Conch. Syst., vol. 1, 1808, p. 330, 83™° genre.—H. B. Brapy (part), Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zoology, vol. 9, 1884, p. 289.—Emer and Ficxert, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool., vol. 65, 1899, p. 675.